Mama Day by Gloria Naylor :: Mama Day Gloria Naylor Literature Essays

Mama Day by Gloria NaylorThe comparisons--North vs. South, city vs. country, technology vs. nature--are numerous and have been well authenticated in 20th century literature. Progress contrasts sharply with rooted cultural beliefs and practices. Personalities and mentalities about life, power and change differ considerably between worlds... worlds that supposed-intellectuals from the West would fork as modern and backwards, respectively. When these two worlds collide, the differences--and the danger--rise significantly. This discrepancy between the old and the new is one of the principal themes of Gloria Naylors Mama Day. The interplay between George, Ophelia and Mama Day shows the discrepancies between a modern style of thinking and one born of spirituality and religious beliefs. Dr. Buzzard serves as a weak bridge between these two modes of thought. In Mama Day, the Westernized characters fail to grasp the power of the Willow Springs world until it is too late. When I was just ou t of school I worked with a team of engineers in redesigning a nozzle for a nuclear steam turbine generator... It was an awesome machine... And when it ran... lighting up every home in New York, a feeling radiated done the pit of my stomach as if its nerve endings were connected to each of those ten million light bulbs. That was power. But the winds coming around the corners of that house was God (251). Georges experience in the hurricane is just one example of the contrasts between technology and spirituality. George ardently believes that every problem can be solved with rational thinking, planning and visual sense of hard work. His obsession with fixing the bridge after the hurricane further illustrates this point despite assurances from Mama Day and Dr. Buzzard that the bridge would be built in its own time, George diligently pushes the townsfolk beyond their capacity to work. His behavior surrounding the bridge--not to mention the boat he tries to mend--is based on his desir e to save Ophelia from a strange illness. He ignores the advice and guidance of Mama Day and plunges into the crisis through rational means. Ultimately, he loses his own life when saving his beloved wife, though George never understands how or why. Dr. Buzzard had warned him that A man would have grown enough to know that really believing in himself means that he aint gotta be afraid to tackle theres some things he cant do alone (292).

The Deep End Of The Ocean :: essays research papers

The Deep End of the OceanIn the film The Deep End of the Ocean, we can drill some concepts discussed in the Interpersonal Communication curse. The film emphasis a communication problem into a family after the Bens abduction. Ben was the middle child of Beth and Pat. The senior son was Vincent, who had an important role in the drama, and Kerry was the sm exclusivelyer. The abduction took place during Beths class reunion. After nine years, Beth found him, he was leaving very close to the in truth family. Ben and his false father never knew that he was abducted because they were betrayed by the woman who took him at the class reunion. The problem was that Ben wants to stay leaving with the man who take care of him. At the end of the film Ben understood that his place was with the Cappadoras familyThrough the movie we are able to see how painful it was to the Cappadora family to deal with the lost of a member. I say that the film emphasis a communication problem because after the tra gedy, Beth never was the same. She was not communicating with anyone and there we see a miscommunication problem explained in the class. The affected with this situation was Vincent, who felt abandon because her mom never communicate to him and in a certain way she never paid attention to him mentation about Ben all the time. Pat, her husband, also paid the consequence of the miscommunication problem and in different ways he try to uphold Beth communicate bankrupt and to pass water over the emotional crisis.We are able to see the transition Beth had. After the tragedy she was impossible to talk with but at the end she change with everyone help and also by herself. She understood that caring about the lost child she abandons the one that was always with her. She recognizes that the better way to begin a new better communication with Vincent was begging him the pardon. Even thou the lost of the child were the main conflict of the movie, to me the most important thing is the reacti on or the way all the family members confront it. Sometimes with this kind of problems we close ourselves to other people and thats not the better way to get over it. With this kind of attitude we price or even lose more people.

Spirituality in John Greenleaf Whittiers The Worship of Nature :: Whittier Worship of Nature Essays

Spirituality in John Greenleaf Whittiers The Worship of Nature If man ever said that he could not experience god outside of the walls of a church, it is evident that he never read John Greenleaf Whittier. John Greenleaf Whittier was a Quaker who, like all Quakers, set(p) an emphasis on a simple life. Quakers believe in leading a life without artificial things. Because of his Quaker beliefs, he had a deep judgment of the spirituality of the natural world. In his poetry, The Worship of Nature Whittier takes his readers on a spiritual journey through a world untouched by man. The form of address of the poem is an indication that the reader should prepare himself or herself for some sort of spiritual experience. Whittier uses the word worship to title his poem because by the end of the poem the reader will learn that there is much more to the natural world than water, land, and sky. The poem starts with the birth or creation of character. Whittier explains to his readers that the natu ral world has existed since God created it. He compares the creation of nature to music. This stanza is very appealing to the senses because nature is musical. The insects, winds, and birds are all a part of this song that has never died away. The poet reminds readers of this very chief(prenominal) idea because we as humans have a tendency to forget the value and importance of nature. The second stanza takes readers beyond the initial creation and introduces readers to the many purposes that nature serves. Whittier explains that prayer is made and praise is given. Personification is an important tool used in this poem. Obviously nature cannot really pray or give praise, salutary now the various functions of nature in this world give the illusion that it does pay homage to a higher being. For instance the lines in the second stanza, The ocean looketh up to heaven, /And mirrors every star says that the ocean is a mirror for heaven. If we look into the deep sea, we are in essence lo oking into a reflected image of heaven. Other instances when Whittier uses prosopopoeia in this way are the first and second lines in the third stanza, Its waves are kneeling on the strand/As kneels the human knee. Whittier tells his readers that just as man bends his knee to show respect to God so the ocean waves bend when they reach the shore as a compress of respect.

The Role of Institutions in the Economic Development of Mexico Essay

The Role of Institutions in the Economic Development of Mexico Introduction The purpose of this root word is to tension upon the institutional development of the country of Mexico. The paper begins with an overview of the establishment of Mexico as a country and move into the various forms of ordainment institutions that were put into place to govern the nation. The following(a) section is a look at the nations attempt to establish a democratic form of regimen and how the landed estate emerged as the pore of authority. The final two sections of the paper examine the development of the private and the public sectors during the middle of the twentieth century and conclude with the repercussions of policies geared towards a state touch form of government. Early History of Development (1810-1916) Before exa dig the institutional development of Mexico as a country, it is important to understand first and foremost the transitions of government which cave in evolved over earlier political struggles. Beginning in 1810, the Mexican people engaged in the War of Independence against the Spanish Crown, which had dominated for closely ternary decades. The colonial economy, which at that time could be characterized as mainly agrarian and mineral exporting, provided the majority of wealth to the Spanish Crown through the mining of incomparable metals such as silver and gold. The war persisted for a period of 11 years (1810-1821). In 1824 the Mexican National Government was recognized. Although Mexico had won independence, the succeeding(prenominal) fifty dollar bill years was a period of massive internal struggle. Fifty different governments were led by thirty different presidents of whom only three served wide of the mark terms. at that place were also three short wars, two against Fra... ...pared to compete in the world markets. As of 1996, the Mexican economy has appeared to stabilize and growth for 1997 is estimated at 7.5 percent. With the alleviate o f the supranational community and future trade liberalization agreements, it is expected that Mexico will eventually reach sustained economic growth. Works Cited Haber, Stephen, ed. How Latin America uncivilised nooky Essays on the Economic Histories of Brazil and Mexico. Stanford Stanford UP, 1997. Hansen, Rodger, D. Mexican Economic Development The Roots of Growth. No. 2. chapiter National Planning Association, 1971. Long, Robert, E. ed., Mexico. New York H. W. Wilson Company, 1986. Lustig, Nora. Mexico The Remaking of an Economy. second edition. Washington Brookings Institution Press, 1998. Vernon, Raymon. The Dilemma of Mexicos Development. Cambridge Harvard UP, 1963. The Role of Institutions in the Economic Development of Mexico EssayThe Role of Institutions in the Economic Development of Mexico Introduction The purpose of this paper is to focus upon the institutional development of the country of Mexico. The paper begins with an overview of the establis hment of Mexico as a country and move into the various forms of government institutions that were put into place to govern the nation. The following section is a look at the nations attempt to establish a democratic form of government and how the state emerged as the center of authority. The final two sections of the paper examine the development of the private and the public sectors during the middle of the twentieth century and conclude with the repercussions of policies geared towards a state centered form of government. Early History of Development (1810-1916) Before examining the institutional development of Mexico as a country, it is important to understand first and foremost the transitions of government which have evolved over earlier political struggles. Beginning in 1810, the Mexican people engaged in the War of Independence against the Spanish Crown, which had dominated for nearly three decades. The colonial economy, which at that time could be characterized as mainly a grarian and mineral exporting, provided the majority of wealth to the Spanish Crown through the mining of precious metals such as silver and gold. The war persisted for a period of 11 years (1810-1821). In 1824 the Mexican National Government was recognized. Although Mexico had won independence, the next fifty years was a period of massive internal struggle. Fifty different governments were led by thirty different presidents of whom only three served full terms. There were also three short wars, two against Fra... ...pared to compete in the world markets. As of 1996, the Mexican economy has appeared to stabilize and growth for 1997 is estimated at 7.5 percent. With the help of the international community and future trade liberalization agreements, it is expected that Mexico will eventually reach sustained economic growth. Works Cited Haber, Stephen, ed. How Latin America Fell Behind Essays on the Economic Histories of Brazil and Mexico. Stanford Stanford UP, 1997. Hansen, Rodge r, D. Mexican Economic Development The Roots of Growth. No. 2. Washington National Planning Association, 1971. Long, Robert, E. ed., Mexico. New York H. W. Wilson Company, 1986. Lustig, Nora. Mexico The Remaking of an Economy. 2nd edition. Washington Brookings Institution Press, 1998. Vernon, Raymon. The Dilemma of Mexicos Development. Cambridge Harvard UP, 1963.

Military Justice System in the United States Essay -- Law

When one joins the United States array, one becomes subject to a completely new justice establishment. While the primary purpose of the United States justice system is to dispense justice, that is not the primary reason for the creation of a separate justice system for Americas Armed Forces. The primary purpose of the soldierys system is to provide the military commander with necessary tools to enforce good order and discipline. Thats why, for example, its not considered a crime to be late for work at your civilian job, but it is a crime to be late for work in the Military. The purpose then is to custody soldiers acting as soldiers so the correctional philosophy in the military has evolved in such a way to do just that. In discussing the UCMJ and corrections, the following topics are significant.Introduction and History of the UCMJCounseling and Corrective TrainingNon-Judicial penalty in the UCMJCourts Martial in the UCMJIntroduction and History of the UCMJThe Uniform Code of Military Justice is a federal system of laws created by congress in 1950. The UCMJ replaces the Articles of War that had been the justice system since 1789. The UCMJ is the foundation for justice in the United States Military. The UCMJ has had several major revisions to keep with the times two such revisions came in 1968, and 1983. The UCMJ whitethorn also be referred to as United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle A, Part II, Chapter 47. The Uniform Code of Military Justice otherwise known as the UCMJ exists to keep disciplne and order in the military. (Powers, Military Justice 101)The UCMJ resembles civilian laws in many ways. It has laws that address stealing, burglary, alcohol, and many others a kin to civilian laws. The di... ...nt behavior in the military.Referencessurgical incision of the Army. (2002) AR 21-10 Military Justice. Washington D.C. United States Army Publishing Authority.surgical incision of the Army. (1992) FM 21-1 Legal Guide For Commanders. Washington D.C. United States Army Publishing Authority.Department of the Army. (2002) Manual for Courts-Martial. Washington D.C. United States Army Publishing Authority.Powers, R. (n.d.). Nonjudicial Punishment. Retrieved February 13, 2005, from http//usmilitary.about.com/od/justicelawlegislation/a/article15_1.htmPowers, R. (n.d.). Military Justice 101. Retrieved February 13, 2005, from http//usmilitary.about.com/od/justicelawlegislation/a/miljustice.htm

Military Justice System in the United States Essay -- Law

When one joins the United States military, one becomes subject to a completely new justice system. mend the primary purpose of the United States justice system is to dispense justice, that is not the primary reason for the creation of a separate justice system for Americas fortify Forces. The primary purpose of the militarys system is to provide the military commander with necessary tools to enforce good order and discipline. Thats why, for example, its not considered a crime to be belated for work at your civilian job, but it is a crime to be late for work in the soldiers. The purpose then is to entertain soldiers acting as soldiers so the correctional philosophy in the military has evolved in such a way to do just that. In discussing the UCMJ and corrections, the following topics are significant. foundation and History of the UCMJCounseling and Corrective TrainingNon-Judicial punishment in the UCMJCourts Martial in the UCMJIntroduction and History of the UCMJThe Uniform Code of Military Justice is a federal system of laws created by congress in 1950. The UCMJ replaces the Articles of War that had been the justice system since 1789. The UCMJ is the foundation for justice in the United States Military. The UCMJ has had several major revisions to keep with the times two such revisions came in 1968, and 1983. The UCMJ may also be referred to as United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle A, Part II, Chapter 47. The Uniform Code of Military Justice otherwise known as the UCMJ exists to keep disciplne and order in the military. (Powers, Military Justice 101)The UCMJ resembles civilian laws in many ways. It has laws that address stealing, burglary, alcohol, and many others a kin to civilian laws. The di... ...nt behavior in the military.ReferencesDepartment of the Army. (2002) AR 21-10 Military Justice. Washington D.C. United States Army Publishing Authority.Department of the Army. (1992) FM 21-1 Legal luff For Commanders. Washington D.C. United States Ar my Publishing Authority.Department of the Army. (2002) Manual for Courts-Martial. Washington D.C. United States Army Publishing Authority.Powers, R. (n.d.). Nonjudicial Punishment. Retrieved February 13, 2005, from http//usmilitary.about.com/od/justicelawlegislation/a/article15_1.htmPowers, R. (n.d.). Military Justice 101. Retrieved February 13, 2005, from http//usmilitary.about.com/od/justicelawlegislation/a/miljustice.htm

Chick Enhancer

Poultry-raising is 1 of the businesses that can be found here in the Philippines. Its very simple and helpful, as yellow-bellieds provide foods like moaner meat and eggs. It could also help in the agriculture area. Some people use auxiliary feeds so that the chickens may grow fast. But now, were sledding to have a study to find a natural and better substitute, like Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) and Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) as additives in making auxiliary feeds. Aloe vera is a succulent represent species that probably originated in northern Africa.The species does not have any naturally occurring populations, although closely related aloes do occur in northern Africa. The species is oftentimes cited as being used in herbal treat since the beginning of the first century AD. Extracts from A. vera are widely used in the cosmetics and alternative medicine industries, being marketed as variously having rejuvenating, healing, or soothing properties. There is, however, little sc ientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes, and what positive evidence is available is frequently contradicted by other studies.Aloe vera is one of the only known natural vegetarian sources of Vitamin B12, and it contains many minerals vital to the growth do and healthy function of all the bodys systems. Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. In developing countries, moringa has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, bring up rural development, and support sustainable landcare. It may be used as forage for livestock, a micronutrient liquid, a natural anthelmintic and possible adjuvant.Supplemental Feeds, one of the cheapest and most useful ways to improve the growth of chickens. Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the make of Aloe Vera and Malunggay as additive components in making supplement al feeds. The researchers would like to seek the answer to the problem Can Aloe Vera and Malunggay extract be an alternative for growth and weight enhancer on chicks? If so, what is/are the side effects of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) and Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) extract in * Growth Skin Color * Other characteristics Hypothesis Ho Aloe Vera and Malunggay extracts are not useful as additives in making supplemental feeds. Ha Aloe Vera and Malunggay extracts are effective for using it as additive components in making supplemental feeds. Significance of the Study There is an increase of demand of chicken today. Most of the restaurants in our country are using chicken for their specialty. As we all know chicken is one of the most common foods that we eat, and that is our reason of move this project.We would like to help the poultry-raisers to raise chickens in a small period of time. If we succeeded with this project we can also help our economy to grow and make it more than influ ential. This project is also against on non-organic raisers because we are not sure about the side effects of that chemical once we intake the chicken. We want to prove that blush we are a student we can help in our own little way. The fact that Aloe Vera and Malunggay are highly available and cheaper, this will help people, particularly in business industries. They can even do it on their own.

Myth on Aging Essay

There are m each miscin one caseptions when we talk about stir especially to old geezerhood coevals. During the first day of class in HS 107, we talked about figments on aging. According to many throng, they believed that Majority of old mass turn out no interest in, nor susceptibility for, sexual relations (Facts on age Quiz). In our society, many people believe that senior(a) adults do not tolerate sex when they reach the certain(a) old age. Many argue that as you grow quondam(a) your body becomes frail, thus, decreasing and diminishing sexual desire.Others believe that the sex belong to the younger generations (Schwartz, 2012). Since older adults are more prone to chronic disease, this means that we assume that they do not agree a desire on having sexual intercourse. This myth persists This myth continues because not everyone has an open-mind when it comes to talking about older adults lifestyle. Many people believe that older adults should stay at home because they are fragile, and should not have any sexual thoughts anymore.Most of us believe that older adults that have sexual intercourse can give complications and might risk their health. Many younger generations including college students savor that it is uncomfortable when talking about older generations having sex. College students were more surprised and disgusted by incidents of sexuality of those who were 70 to 75 than those who were 30 to 35 (Lochlainn & Kenny, 2013). Many in younger generations do not believe that older adults still have sex, and they feel appalled when somebody talks about it.Not only our generation avoids this issue, but the health care cranial orbit as well. Langer-Most and Langer (2010) showed results that many doctors show very little interest when it comes to talking about sexual interaction with older adults. Many of them argued that this population does not have sex occasionally and it can be risky for their health. According to Connolly et al. (2012), whe n they asked physicians on whether they ask their patients about they sex life, they replied as being embarrassing for their profession.This is appalling of how a health care provider does not talk about sexual interaction when it comes to older generations. Because of embarrassment, many people closes this hold forthion and over generalize that older adults does not have any interest or have sex at all. The Reality Older Adults have interest and capacity for sexual interactions. Despite of getting older, many people still have sex whether younger generations like it or not. Regular sexual application is a normal counterbalancet, as you get older. There are several evidences that older generations tend to have sexual relations.According to Connolly et al. (2012), the study plant that, Among respondents ages 75-85, 54% of sexually active person reported having sex at least 2-3 times a month, and 23 percent reported having sex once a week or more. This shows that our myth is not true that older adults do not have any interest when it comes to sexual interaction. Aging does not mean that once you hit a certain age, you will stop having interest on sex. Bradford and Meston (2007) accentuates that Sexuality in older adults is often misunderstood, misrepresented or simply invisible. We tend to avoid these conversations.Many of us over generalized and judge older people when they tell us that they have sex. Many people are being judged, which is harder for them to open and ask for help with these types of issue. We believe that older adults having sex is not necessary. However, according to Bradford and Meston (2007) studies have shown and according to National Council on Aging (2005) reported that 71% of mean in their 60s and 57% of mean in their 70s engaged in sexual activity at least once per month. The studies have shown that at that place are greater amount of older adults that have sexual relations that we have normally expected.For older adults, it is n ormal for them to have sex though we do not believe that this is true. Bradford and Meston (2007) explains that according to American Association of Retired Persons reported that 62 % of mean and 51% of women between ages 60 and 69 believed that sexual activity is an important component of a good kindred. Their study have shown older men and women have sex in order to continue their good relationship with their significant other since their intimacy is not the same as before. It is a positive aspect to have sex with your loved one when you get older.This way, you both can still connect despite of what you experience while getting older. As you grow older your body tends to slow down, which makes it harder to have sex when you survive with some infirmity. However, this does not mean that you cannot have sex when your body starts to weaken, as you grow older. Mauk (2008) argued, Normal aging changes include diminished sex hormones. Our sex hormones decreases as you grow older, b ut this does not mean we completely stop or does not have interest with sexual relations.Many older adults compromise with their illness when it comes to sex. For men, they experience erectile dysfunction, and the most common problem is achieving or maintaining an erection during the intercourse (Lochlainn & Kenny, 2013). Older men have these reproductive problems, and it is difficult for them to have sex when you have this issue. As for women, menopausal is the problem. When a woman reaches the menopausal stage, their vaginal wall begins to get thinner, and the lubrication production decreases.Despite of their complications with their reproductive system, most of them seek for an advice and fork over to compromise in order to attain and continue their sexual relationships with their significant other. However, due to overgeneralization and prejudice, many older adults are embarrassed to seek for help even to health professionals. Lochlainn and Kenny (2013) states that, 5% of older women volunteered their sexual problems during office visits, 85. 3% of men with erectile dysfunction wanted help, but only 10. 4% mean sure medical care. Not many older adults seek for help because of the stigma that our society is impelling.Many providers underestimate patient risk, and lack the knowledge and comfort to discuss questions about sexual dysfunction or satisfaction with older patients (Langer-Most & Langer, 2010). Many patient providers do not have adequate training on how to border on the older adults issue because of the stigma. The doctors are embarrassed and they feel it is a humiliation to his/her profession when they open the sex issue for older adults. Additionally, older adults tend to be excluded from studies because many professionals that they have a lower chance of getting diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and a very low chance of getting pregnant.Thus, there have only been a few doctors that have enough knowledge when it comes educating older adults on how t o compromise with their body or how to prevent of getting infected with sexual transmitted diseases. Media have also contributed with the ageism regarding with sexual relations among older adults. One reason for the negative attitudes of older person could be the medias portrayal of the elderly as frail and asexual (Lochlainn & Kenny, 2013). Many of the movies, and other shows displays that older adults are very sensitive and delicate.Thus, we overgeneralize that older adults does not have interest with sex. Social Actions The study among older adults that is being conducted nowadays is beginning to grow. Thus, it is a big start when it comes to social actions. Many professionals begin to take a step and start learning more about older adults lifestyle. There have been several studies that we have encountered when it comes to sexual relationships among older adults. Researchers have found ship canal and suggest several solutions.Since health professionals does not know how to appro ach older adults with this issue, Langer-Most and Langer (2010) suggests having a positive attitude regardless of their ethnicity, gender level, and age. Also, researchers have suggested on conducting educational programs for health professionals regarding with sexuality and aging. A resource fair conducted by SJSU is another social action for senior citizens, which they approach older adults and educate them about their body.capital of Connecticut Institute of Geriatric Nursing educates health practitioners and nurses on how to approach older adults when it comes to this sensitive matter. They know that it is significant to teach providers in order for the older adults to be more comfortable with their doctors. They conduct seminars to other hospitals to educate people in the health field. Most of all, many well-known universities such as SJSU embraced the geriatric field and educate many college students that most of the myths are not true when it comes to older generations.Sex is an important part in life, and we have to be sensitive and feign the fact that older adults tend to have sex, and it is part of the normal life. References Bradford, A. , and Meston, C. M. (2007). Senior Sexual Health The Effects of Aging on Sexuality. Innovations In Clinical suffice Focus on Sexual Health. 35-45. Connolly, M. , Breckman, R. , Callahan, J. , Lachs, M. , Ramsey-Klawsnik, H. , & Solomon, J. (2012). The Sexual Revolutions Last Frontier How Silence About Sex Undermines Health, Well-being, and Safety In Old Age.Generations. 36(3), 43-52. Kristen, M. PhD RN (2008). Myths of Aging. ARN Network. Langer-Most, O. , and Langer, Nieli. (2010). Aging and Sexuality How Much Do Gynecologists Know and Care. Journal of Women and Aging. 22, 283-289. Doi10. 1080/08952841. 2010. 518882 Lochlainn, M. N. , and Kenny, R. A. (2013). Sexual Activity On Aging. Journal Of The American Medical Directors Association. Doi10. 1016/j. jamda. 2013. 01. 022 Wallace, M. PhD (2013). best Practices in Nursing Care to Older Adults Sexuality. Dermatology Nursing. 15(6).

Article “Cradle-to-cradle: the next packaging paradigm?” Essay

In his article Cradle-to-cradle the next box paradigm? David Newcorn suggests three entirely new strategies for case itemsstrategies which may at first instigate eyebrows to rise. On closer look, however, Newcorns propositions may indeed live up to one of its goals to arrive at a packaging strategy conducive for the environment.Newcorn has three objectives in mind in order to achieve such an end use more packaging materials, non little design the best package manageable instead of designing with the cheapest materials without worrying about per-package cost, and littering can help the environment. But how are these supposedly environmental threats do the exact opposite of further degrading the environment and contribute to the crusade for the strengthening of the environment through strategic and environmentally friendly packaging schemes?In order to arrive at a better understanding of Newcorns suggestions, it is equally important to note that what separates Newcorns suggesti ons from the rest is that the suggestions actually target the possibilities of the rising. By offering three distinct strategies which may at first seem threatening to the environment, Newcorn turns the table around by citing examples of what ifs, possible situations which have a high probability of being real some m in the future.For the moment, however, the efficiency of Newcorns suggestions seems to hang in the balance for a few good reasons. First, Newcorn suggests that by using more packaging materials instead of less, we can actually save the environment from being harmed because sometime in the future there will be ice cream wrappers which turn into a biosafe liquid or foam food containers which contain essential nutrients which revitalize the earths topsoil, for instance.While the prospects for his suggestion are noble, it can hardly be denied that the possibilities remain to be seen. Newcorn even admits that the possibilities are yet to be obtained. If the possible element s in the illustrations he has elaborated in his article remain to be seen, then there is little reason to believe that manu situationurers of these products should immediately adopt the strategies he offers. The same goes for the designers who have the same inclinations as Newcorn.In current times, using more packaging materials or littering the environment with these materials is only effective in theory. At the least, designers can hardly deny the incident that the current environmental measures being taken all around the world are in startling contrast to Newcorns suggestion precisely because the environmental problems which beset the modern societies are the result of piles and piles of garbage produced on a daily basis. What Newcorns suggestions give the designers, however, are insights into the future.Although the situations he has given in his article are possibilities, they nevertheless give designers a glimpse of what the future may look like. Given these brief future ske tches of packaging strategies, designers cannot evidently dismiss the thought that Newcorns suggestions are worth the efforts of being studied. Both scholars and designers concerned in the packaging sector may very well curb that there is more than what meets the eye in Newcorns assumptions.Technical and biological nutrients may indeed soon take over the packaging materials used in products. Science and technology are constantly evolving and are relentlessly seeking new methods and designs to improve the materials we use daily in the larger effort to exert the environment. Recycling packages which may soon be eco-effective without the downside of degrading the quality of the packages for commodities is another thought worth pondering (Bendor, Terry and Kenneth, p. 175).Newcorn, however, may be correct in insisting that a large amount of history involving packaging materials should have to be beaten first before anything else of the efforts to resort to recycling and using eco-eff ective packaging materials can be fully achieved. Much of what companies do in order to sustain their operations is to use whatever is cheaper and more efficient in the market. The fact that bottling companies for soft drinks have relied less and less on bottles and more and more on cheap and recyclable aluminum cans as containers (Banks, p.72) suggest that money-making ventures may remark it difficult to fully adjust and align their packaging strategies according to what Newcorns assumptions for the future. Any designer involved in the packaging sector will withdraw that the problems which beset the environment also have consequences on their part and to the rest of the world. Newcorns efforts serve as a model not only for the bombastic companies under the packaging sector but also for the average citizen. However, Newcorns suggestions face the direct criticism of failing to obtain in the contemporary time which is in deep need of innovations in packaging strategies.It may be hi gh time for designers in the packaging industry to settle down and speculate of other innovative ideas which will provide ways to counter and prevent environmental problems brought by wastes from packages which are also attainable in the soonest possible time. The future of the environment is indeed filled both with good prospects that are hanging and with contemporary as well as previous problems in toll of garbage from packaging materials which pose problems which cannot be easily set aside for the benefit of acquiring more profit.It is logical enough to presume that the future does not promise anything clear. Yet it would also be absurd to assume that nothing can be done to anticipate and, hopefully, resolve the current environmental problems and the future environmental hazards both at the same time. Newcorns suggestions may still lack its applicability in contemporary times. However, the effects and prospects of Newcorns suggestions are hopeful and may prove to be more than u seful in the coming years. WORKS CITED Banks, Seymour.The Measurement of the Effect of a New Packaging Material Upon penchant and Sales. The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago 23. 2 (Apr. , 1990) 71-80. Bendor, Jonathan, Terry M. Moe, and Kenneth W. Shotts. Recycling the Garbage Can An Assessment of the Research Program. The American Political Science Review 95. 1 (2001) 169-90. Newcorn, David. Cradle-to-Cradle The Next Packaging Paradigm? 2003. Packaging World Magazine. January 13 2008. .

Economic Impact of Pollution on Health Essay

Environmental degradation has indirect relationship with economic bodily process of households by affecting their health. Diseases borne by environmental befoulment result in loss of income, loss of working hours, low labor productivity and heavy consumption on health by households. This research assessed the economic impact of environmental befoulment on human health. It was a micro level study conducted in the district of Rawalpindi. For this purpose, primary data was collected through interview schedule by using simple random technique. The extent of relationship between pollution borne diseases and income loss, expenditure on health and working hours was estimated through ANCOVA regression model using mixture of quantitative and qualitative variables.Results revealed the fact that there is both water and air pollution in Rawalpindi. Pure drinking water is seldom available. People are widely suffering from pollution borne diseases. Due to incidence of pollution borne diseases like malaria, hepatitis and asthma households expenditure increases significantly. Of three diseases malaria is less dangerous according to economic point of view, because its treatment takes fewer resources out of good expenditure, while asthma and hepatitis occupies a large share of household expenditure. Income of households did not show significant response towards diseases, this result is justified by the logic, as when any member of family gets ill, other members or he/she himself try to earn more to meet health expenditure.On the other hand, outbreaks of such diseases in a country transmit a great shock to GDP of that country, because Govt. has to allocate certain handsome amount of budget to deal with such sombre health issues. Similarly, it was observed that working hours of labor are seriously affected by the incidence of such diseases. Moreover, an affected persons productivity besides differs significantly from those who are healthy. Pollution is a negative characteri stic of environment which causes degradation and affects the activities of individuals living in the environment. It is suggested that there must be some conk out policy to defend the environment of Rawalpindi, so that quality of life can be better off for citizens. Clean environment is the pre-requisite for the citizens to play some shaping role in nations development.

The Effects of World War Ii on Northern & Southern Ireland; 1939-1945

The effects of domain of a function war II on Federal & S prohibitedhern Ireland 1939-1945 Daniel McCarthy (Visiting Student) Student Identification Number 08102474 The Two Irelands in the 20th Century 0809-HI 208. E John Cunningham Word Count 2,990 13 March 2009 Daniel McCarthy 1 Throughout the time period of 1939-1945, the two countries of Union Ireland and the commonwealth of Ireland found themselves in two antithetical positions in regards to participating in solid ground war II.northerly Ireland, which was controlled by the United Kingdom, played a vital role in helping def take the Axis powers through and through its strategically located position and its manufacturing abilities. piece the country of Ireland lead by Taoiseach Eamon de Valera vowed to detain neutral and keep its citizens out of war. While completely different in ideologies, did the two different countries share any similar experiences throughout World struggle II? A vast range of similar and differen cing experiences occurred to these two Irelands collectively throughout 1935-1945.Overall, small-arm the Republic of Ireland formally remained neutral and Federal Ireland move to fight, both of the Irelands different philosophies and approaches helped garner new experiences and identities on an international present. To understand the experiences and philosophy of the Republic of Ireland during World War II, the past must be analyzed to realize their decision for declaring neutrality. Irelands neutrality lineage can be dated back to 1914 when organizations such as the Irish Neutrality league promoted such nationalist slogans as, Neither King nor Kaiser but Ireland (Murphy 9). Prior to World War II beginning, the Republic of Ireland found itself in a less than in demand(predicate) position. Ireland fought the British for independence from the years 1919-1921 in the Anglo-Irish War and subsequently again from the years 1933-1938 in the Anglo-Irish traffic War. This xx year pe riod left the Republic of Ireland in a state of political reconstruction and economical recession. Resulting from this, a Guaranteed Neutrality clause was added to the Draft Treaty A. Irish delegate Erskine Daniel McCarthy 2Childers explained that an independent Ireland would, stand alone, like the vast majority of small nations, with complete independent control of our territory, waters and forces, neutral in all wars and devoted to undisturbed development (Murphy 10). Moreover, the experiences of these amounting conflicts resulted in Ireland wanting to rebuild its own infrastructure and nation rather than become entangled in conflict, on any scale. A some philosophies existed in the Republic of Ireland supporting neutrality, in particularly de Valera leadership for remaining neutral the entirety of the war.To de Valera one of his earliest conclusions was that it would be completely foolish for a small nation like Ireland, to volunteer and become a belligerent country. Thus, welc oming hardships in his eyes were not necessary or needed. Alongside this, de Valera employ the partition of Ireland to explain remaining neutral by offering, we believe that no other position would be accepted by the majority of our people as long as the present position exists and also explaining, The continued existence of partition, that unnatural separation of six of our counties from the rest of Ireland, added in our case a save decisive reason (Murphy 14).This nationalist feeling portrayed from southerly Ireland was that it must no longer be involved in Englands Wars and allow for Ireland to establish their own sovereignty (Murphy 9). These experiences prior to World War II offer a brief synopsis as to why de Valera continued to remain out of the war to protect Irelands best interest. This ideology of self preservation and neutrality would be the driving force behind Irelands experiences throughout World War II. While de Valera and Fianna Fail Daniel McCarthy 3 ontinued on its path of neutrality, northerly Ireland would in time experience a different emergence onto the national stage of politics. The story of Union Ireland and World War II reveals quite a different experience in comparison to the Republic of Ireland. At the beginning of the war, northerly Ireland experienced little preparation or sense of concern in be drawn into the violence of World War II. On one bill a Belfast diarist described her native city as, probably the pleasantest place in Europe.We are unbombed, we have no conscription, there is plenty to eat and life is reasonably normal. (Barton 48). Mainly, this lack of preparedness and sense of urgency was blamed on Northern Irelands Prime Minister schoolmaster Craigavon. Craigavon, was criticized by galore(postnominal) as too old and ineffective of a leader to prepare for what numerous predicted as a very turbulent future for Northern Ireland (Farrell 154). However, Northern Ireland was not initially included in plans from Wes tminster legislation because they decided that Northern Ireland had no military significance to the allies forces.Northern Ireland in the upcoming years would experience a shift from having little importance in World War II into that of a crucial manufacturing city that also supplied Britain with a diligence force and acted as a strategically located base (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). Within the first seven months of 1939, Northern Ireland would begin to transform into a country ready for war. Belfast was quickly noted as not being adequately utilized with a braggart(a) number of the population unemployed and its valuable location, measures were quickly put into action to use Northern Irelands location.First, Westminster Daniel McCarthy 4 legislation would grant government contracts deserving more than ? 6m for equipment which included bedding, battledress, and electrical wiring (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). While these new initiatives were meant to help the Allied forces, it also helped to a degree curb down Northern Irelands unemployment rate. In 1938, the number of unemployed in Northern Ireland was a staggering 91,000. However, with the unemployed working in the shipyards and other various jobs this number eventually curbed down to 77,000 by 1940 (Farrell 161).Furthermore, Northern Ireland would begin to see other changes occurring through its country at the beginning of World War II. The rationing of food followed by the introduction of an identity card system, restrictions on travel, the censorship of mail and telephone calls, governmental controls on the press, the imprisonment of phallic enemy aliens, the formation of a local home guard and Auxiliary Territorial Services were introduced to Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland over night was quickly transforming into a society to contribute to the war.Due to these escalations and output from Northern Ireland, it soon became a poin t of interest to the Axis powers and its role in serveing the Allied forces (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). As illustrated before, a discussion was made which showed the reasons as to why the Republic of Ireland remained neutral throughout the entirety of the war. However, how neutral was Irelands experience throughout World War II? The Republic of Ireland and de Valera were formally considered to be neutral but they did assist Northern Ireland and the Allies on legion(predicate) occasions.Whether sending meteorology reports to help assist coordination of the invasion of Normandy or sending aid and fire trucks to Belfast Daniel McCarthy 5 after heavy German personal line of credit raids, these covert operations clearly assisted the Allies (Girvin 25). But, de Valera and Ireland did experience and receive negative feedback throughout the war. De Valera did censor Holocaust images from Ireland and also ceased news radio shows besides limiting war reportings to brief paragraphs in the paper.Furthermore, German and Japanese embassies remained functioning in Dublin during de Valeras reign. But then again, Ireland was vatic to be an impartial and neutral country. Once, an American historian for the New York Times stated that de Valeras nation had, missed out somehow on the sterling(prenominal) moral issue of modern history (Murphy 13). How can the Republic of Irelands experience in remaining neutral be summarized throughout World War II? Fianna Fail and de Valera believed that by staying neutral it would preserve Irish sovereignty and indeed save Irish lives.Winston Churchill even made vague promises of reuniting Northern and Southern Ireland at the United Kingdoms most vulnerable time to de Valera if Ireland joined the Allied forces effort. In a telegram Churchill stated, Now is your chance. Now or Never, a Nation once again. Am ready to meet you at any time. (Farrell 172). De Valera declined Churchills offer, knowing that i n desperate times promises arent necessarily kept. But how did all of this affect the Republic of Ireland?Irelands experience throughout World War II was neutral but they did indirectly aid the allies troops through employment, covert operations, and thousands of Irish volunteering as Allied soldiers. Perhaps, through this experience, de Valera and Ireland contributed more to World War II and the United Kingdom through formal neutrality and covert operations as fence to having the Daniel McCarthy 6 majority of Ireland, who disapproved of entering the war, being a negative belligerent presence (Murphy 15).While Ireland remained neutral Northern Ireland continued to build its military presence and differed in many experiences that Ireland didnt endure. After Germany took over France in June 1940, Northern Ireland became the most central bridgehead for protecting Atlantic shipping lanes (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). Northern Ireland became increasi ngly paranoid that Germany was planning for an invasion. Similarly, de Valera was worried at the beginning of the war of a United Kingdom invasion or even a German one or most importantly being drawn into the war by the United Kingdom.But his fears of being drawn into war were subsided when in 1938 the British government returned key ports to Ireland in part of the Anglo-Irish Agreements. But, in Northern Ireland these fears would act as a catalyst for the nation which instructed/designed evacuation routes, ordering blackouts, and the creation of bomb-shelters. By the early 1940s Belfast in Northern Ireland was considered a large military stronghold with over 100,000 British troops by April 1940s (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). This affected not lone(prenominal) the economy but the demeanor of Northern Ireland.People of Northern Ireland feared and opposed conscription but the Westminster government mute that already strong resentment from Catholic s and even Protestants was not worth the conscription trouble. Additionally, Catholics and Protestant hostility still existed and IRA members still sporadically bombed London but denominationalism did decrease (not by much) among these two Northern Ireland groups (Barton 52). Daniel McCarthy 7 When comparing the two Irelands and their experiences throughout World War II, there is a stark discrimination between the two and the physical damages incurred.Throughout April and May of 1941, Germany began air raids specifically targeting Belfast docks and factories. The casualties and expenses were immensely damaging to Northern Ireland. From these raids an estimated 900-1,100 died, 56,000 houses were badly damaged, 3,200 totally destroyed, and slightly 100,000 people were left homeless (Barton 50). In comparison to the Republic of Ireland, which mistakenly was bombed May 30, 1941 on Dublins north side by Germans only endured 41 causalities and seventy houses were damaged (Second World W ar Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland).Here, we can see a clear difference between Northern and Southern Ireland. Northern Ireland quickly rose as an important military base while Southern Ireland remained neutral and relatively untouched. How would these events affect the two countries in the long term? One of largest shared experiences between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland throughout World War II would be the matter of emigration and add to Britains war-time effort. The Republic of Ireland, as much as they wouldnt like to admit it, relied heavily upon the United Kingdoms economy.This was clearly illustrated through the Anglo-Irish Trade Wars, which crippled the Irish economy when the Irish decided to ban British imports and in turn the British retaliated by heavily taxing all Irish imports. 90% of Irelands exports were to Britain and British consumers ceased purchasing these goods which devastated Irelands economy (Connolly 119). It can not be denied tha t the success of the Republic of Irelands economy was linked to the Daniel McCarthy 8 strength of the United Kingdom economy.By 1939, thousands of Irish migrated back to Ireland in fear of being drafted into the British army through conscription acts. However, in 1940 Lord Beveridge from the British Manpower Commissioner realized that over 8. 5 million peoples were needed to work in the munitions factories (Connolly 123). Britain realized the need for Irish labor and the Irish understood that their economy was only as strong as the United Kingdoms. Westminster permitted the temporary citizenship, labeled, conditionally landed which exempted Irish from conscription for two years while working overseas (Connolly 125).The Republic of Ireland mainly helped facilitate and encourage the emigration of Irish to Britain while the United Kingdom forced an economical conscription upon Northern Ireland. Official statements revealed from the Republic of Ireland, It seems a reasonable view that i f they cannot secure normal employment here during the present emergency conditions, which will probably grow worse, the plane section should not refuse them the facilities and assistance when they seek to earn their livelihood elsewhere. Girvin 26) Here, the Republic of Ireland realized that during these economically difficult times that both Irelands were facing it was develop to have Irish work in Britain rather than be unemployed in Ireland. Britain mandated this economic conscription which gave little options for many Northern Ireland citizens. However, the main take was that by 1945 the number of unemployed dropped to 16,000 (Farrell 160). Many reasoned that economic conscription was a better means to an end in comparison to being drafted to fight. Daniel McCarthy 9Mainly, both the North and South experienced a large migration of its population over to Great Britain. Between the years 1939-1946, net emigration was estimated to be most 189,942 which was a 13. 9% increase o f emigration from Ireland from the prior decade. Many feared that this massive migration to Britain would lead to Irishmen and women to adopting British socialist values and abandoning Christianity. Between the years 1941-1945, wages in Britain increased 20% which was a main driving force behind these massive numbers of immigration (Connolly 126). But what did these two Irelands experience?They witnessed a higher income for citizens as allotments were sent back to Ireland to rejuvenate the economy and bring down the unemployment rates. Overall, the economy became stronger and Ireland contributed (indirectly) to the Allied forces eventual conquest. Overall, what can be said about the two Irelands experience throughout World War II? First, let us observe and summarize the Republic of Ireland. Right from the beginning, de Valera and his people opposed war for many reasons. Decades of fighting with the British along with a reconstructing economy coupled as major deterrents for joining the war.The Republic of Ireland would be one of twenty nations that declared neutrality at the beginning of the war and be one of the five that remained true to their declaration. But what were the benefits and disadvantages that came along with neutrality? For one, Ireland didnt sustain a large population loss after World War II ceased. Unlike other countries that lost thousands or millions of troops, Irelands causalities were nominal in comparison. Furthermore, Ireland experienced a feeling of relative safety from stronger powers amongst the world.But what are some of the Daniel McCarthy 10 disadvantages that the Republic of Ireland experienced? Along with de Valera and his orders of censorship, many Irish were left clueless as to the Holocaust happenings and the surroundings around them. Furthermore, the Republic of Ireland faced constant suspicion and hostility from Allied nations, in particularly the United Kingdom. Churchill once announced shortly after Allied victory, if it h ad not been for the loyalty and friendship of Northern Ireland, we should have been forced to come to close quarters with Mr. e Valera, or cronk from the Earth (Ireland during the Second World War). However, these types of verbal assaults were expected and de Valera did rebuttal. As for the Northern Ireland experience from World War II a much different supply can be painted. Northern Ireland seemed to have gotten swept up into the madness of the war. Belfast, one of the most important bases for the Allied forces took on responsibilities that it never had before. For the main part, many Irish resented Northern Irelands participation in the war, particularly Catholics.But, a rapid decline in unemployment helped Northern Ireland experience better economical times. In comparison to the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland experienced more as an outcome of the war. It was actively participating in the war and even helped guide Northern Ireland into its most prosperous times with relat ions to the United Kingdom during the 1950s and 1960s (Farrell 152). All in all, Northern Ireland proved capable and useful to the victory of the Allied forces in World War II. In conclusion, who faired better with their approach to World War II.The Republic of Ireland, while neutral, was able to maintain a unchanging government and did witness improvements in their economy. On top of this, it sustained minimal causalities Daniel McCarthy 11 and also was able to reap many of the benefits that came along with the Allied victories. Had the Republic of Ireland been included into the war than it is for certain that German invasion would of occurred due to a weak military presence and lack of organization. Northern Ireland, while its experiences were vastly different to that of the Souths it had to rebuild and continue serving under the United Kingdom.Overall, both Irelands witnessed and endured hardness but ultimately the Republic of Ireland and their stance on neutrality won in the lo ng run when comparing the two Irelands. Daniel McCarthy 12 Works Cited Farrell, Michael. Northern Ireland the Orange State. Pluto P, 1973. Ireland During the Second World War. 10 Mar. 2009 . Murphy, John A. , Brian Girvin, Brian Barton, and Tracey Connolly. Ireland & The Second World War Politics, Society, and Remembrance. Ed. Brian Girvin and Geoffrey Roberts. Dublin Four Courts, 2000. Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland. Ed. NIMC Second World War. 11 Mar. 2009 .

Educational Psychology study Essay

The instruct was d mavin by Penny Clunies-Ross, Emma Little and Mandy Kienhuis, (2008). It is titled Self-reported and actual use of proactive and reactive schoolroom management strategies and their alliance with instructor adjudicate and student behavior. The battleground was done with primary school teachers in Australia and examined the teachers self-report on the behavior management strategies that they use in the classroom and how these affect their stress train and the students behavior.The literature reviewed for this study discussed enquiry done in four areas which were used as the theoretical base for the study. One is the aim of disruptive behavior in schools. The second is the teacher stress and its causes. Third is the relationship between the two. And fourth is the type of classroom strategies that teachers use which are categorise as proactive and reactive. The proactive strategies have been described as a more positive approach that is preventive.The reactive strategies are more negative and remedial. The proactive strategies have been found to be more effective. This study therefore aims to investigate the relationship between primary school teachers self-reported and actual use of management strategies, and to range how the use of proactive and reactive strategies is related to teacher stress and student behavior. The hypothesis was that using reactive strategies would result in higher levels of teacher stress and lower on-task behavior of the students.Also that using proactive strategies would result in lower levels of teacher stress and higher on-task behavior of the students. The sample was obtained by contacting principals of the schools. First convenience sampling was used, and then random phone calls to ensure that cinque schools from each district in Melbourne were included in the study. Data was still by questionnaires to all teachers and observations of those who volunteered to participate. The data was collected and analyz ed by SPSS.In general the results showed that hypothesis one was supported while hypothesis two was non supported. The study was generally well done. The literature review was comprehensive and discussed a wide range of studies from as early as 1986 to 2003, showing the range of research on the topic over the period of time. It was also well organized into sections. The sampling technique was straightforward. Persisting until each district was represented by five schools was good. However the final sample was ninety seven participants from twenty one schools.This means an average of less than five teachers from each school. It may have been purify to have surveyed fewer schools but more teachers from each school. The culture of the school often affects teacher stress so that the small number of teachers from a pear-shaped number of schools may non be reflective of the levels and causes of stress in any one of the schools. The effect of the classroom management strategies used in one school may not completely relate to the teacher stress at that school. The results were analyzed as one sample, rather than analysis by school. thereof there is no examination of whether the difference in school culture, (if in feature any differences exist) affected the study. However, the study did an analysis of the multivariate effects of gender, level of qualifications and years of article of belief experience and found that they were not predictors of teacher stress. These are important variables to include as possible effectors of teacher stress. The study presented a quid of detail on the sample and the materials. However there should have been more detail on the procedure- how exactly were the observations set up and carried out.The report only says afterwards the 30-minute observation had been conducted in the teachers classroom, observation and questionnaire data were matched using the four-digit code. The analysis of data was another section that was well presen ted. This section was once more well organized into sub- sections which made reading and following the results much easier. All the data were represented by well-laid out and well- labeled tables which were easy to read. This structure was retell even in the discussion so that the reader was able to follow the analysis of the results and the discussion for each research question or issue.That was in fact one of the key aspects that made this study encouraging to read- that the subsections were repeated in each part of the study- literature review, data analysis and discussion. An important aspect of this study was the use of both questionnaires (self-report) for teacher behavior and observations. It was significant to educational research on the whole to examine the relationship between the two, since generally self-reports alone cannot be relied upon for accurate measures of behavior.The significant positive correlation between the teachers reported use of strategies, both proacti ve and reactive, and what the researchers observed helps to make self-reports a more reliable scratch in educational research. The study ends with two important sections- methodological limitations and suggestions for further research. Discussions in these two sections show the researchers awareness of the limitations of the study despite the fact that it is a good piece of research and it helps the reader to understand why certain things were not done in a particular way.One example is this study is the mention that the sampling though it seemed random in fact was not completely random as the teachers who volunteered for the study may be teachers who are not particularly stressed, or that the stressed teachers may not have been so willing to participate. Secondly the number of teachers volunteering to be observed was quite small. The study does not mention the actual number. A section that I would have liked to see included in this study was one on ethical considerations. In gener al the study was a useful one, well conducted and reported.It investigated the effect of proactive and reactive strategies as classroom management techniques on teachers stress levels. The study did in fact find that the use of proactive strategies had less effect on teachers stress. This would be the most important benefit to teachers to help them to custody the stress of teaching to a minimum. They could be encouraged by these results to focus on implementing activities in the classroom that would prevent classroom disruptions, rather than having to use their attention and energy interact in classroom disruptions and losing teaching time.The study also looked at the effect of these strategies on students on-task behavior, and again found that the proactive strategies fostered more on-task behavior. This is also useful to the teachers to keep students focused on their work and lessen the disruptions in the classroom.ReferenceClunies-Ross, P. , Little, E. and Kienhuis, M. (2008) S elf-reported and actual use of proactive and reactive classroom management strategies and their relationship with teacher stress and student behavior, Educational Psychology, 286,693 710

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4-Mat Review on Entwistle Chelesea Snyder Liberty University Summary If you are feeling for both sides of the argument Integrative Approaches to Psycology and Christianity is your book. If gives the different models and different theories to back each one up completely. Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity was a great read. Entwistle did an amazing wrinkle on putting together a great read with some different aspects to things. The authors thoughts are trying to explain the truth of divinitys word and show the insights it has on psychological science.Integration which there were several different theories and approaches to the 2, is what this book revolved around. The argumentation of consolidation and psychology are still a question with no right or wrong answers. While most of his arguments had biblical truths with in them he could argue that they didnt. The psychology world has seen many pros to deal believing in Christianity. Its been a great stress reliever as well as a different mindset for sight. The book explains that t sacred and secular combatants when it comes to the truth.Human nature is we are altogether born with sin having good and evil inwardly our souls and hearts. Within the reading society has seemed to always dispute on integrating the two. You have government that tells us we must separate church and state, you have some within society that would like to see the two integrate together again. We have seen in Entwistles works that people have within the church come up with light ideals. These approaches and studies however were hidden because holiness was scared they no longer had the answers.For these two different diverges of life to truthfully integrate people are going to have to put their feelings by and work together compromise is the only way these two will always over shadow the other. Epistemology, metaphysics and philosophical anthropologies are important to exam within the worldview of things. By exami ning the two books Gods word and the book of Gods works we can come to a better model of integration (Entwistle, 2010). The text talks about integration in a way that if you are too Christian you lose psychology and if you are to big into science you seem to lose the Christian principles behind it.Enemies, Spies, Colonialists, Neutral Parties, and Allies are the 5 integration models. Enemies in short term believe that religion and psychology could never be integrated, spies there are two types of spies. Spies on the outside or spies on the inside. Spies on the outside penury information only to bind with their principles and spies on the inside try to be buddy Neutral parties are just that neutral to everything and say they dont re anyy care every way. Colonialists on the other hand seek to make psychology subservient to theology. Allies are those who are on your side.I think that science without religion is stultify and conversely that religion without science is blind. Both are important and should work hand-in-hand. Albert Einstein (Entwistle, 2010). Concrete Responses The saying that got to me was when you come to a fork in the, route take it. It reminds me of the poem the Road Not Taken by Robert Frost. When I was a sophomore in college I was a mere 19 years old, I loved Kansas Wesleyan University only when was still very miserable, seems kinda silly that I was so miserable yet loved the place all at the same time.I was newly married, my husband had just deployed shortly after I was stuck in a catch 22. My husband wasnt in Califonia but I wanted to go and take a semester off the semester before to spend time with him. I should have but didnt because my parents would of freaked in fact they did freakout which was why I came back in January to finish out the year instead of spending three months as newlyweds. Coming back in January was weighed down very hard I was very involved in everything on campus from Choir, student activities, and even RA.We sa ng Robert Frosts poem the road non taken, it was dark and one of my favorites. The end of that year I left Kansas Wesleyan transferred to Fort Hays University and took the fork in the road. This was triggered because it was out of the normal. To my parents thye very much didnt support my decision so it was wrong because it wasnt theirs. This particular situation just makes me think that I have control over things but not all and even if they do not match my opinions and decisions I shouldnt make a snap judgment as Jesus gave us all different forks or paths to take.We must jump at the opportunity he gives us to fly at the fork in the road. Reflection The thing that trouble me with this book was the authors talk about findations. While I believe he is correct we are very much a part of nature however I dont believe God set limitations on humans. My theory within limitations is most of the time we humans limit ourselves. God will meet us half way always has, we must do some of the w ork as well.God lets us figure and find things within science on his time if not we wouldnt know about space, molecules or anything about human nature and climb on in sciences. Action The biggest thing I want to take from this book to put into my counseling is realize that not one way is affective on everybody. Some people will want to know you are praying for them and others will want you to pray with them right then and there. I want to put into institutionalize that my client will get what they want and me as the counselor need to make it appoint to give the client exactly what they have asked for.I want people to feel great about themselves which is why I want to be a counselor in the first place. But the biggest thing I want people to realize is they as well as God have the reigns with their counseling so we will use this as a way to hopefully heal and mend their hearts and minds. References Entwistle, D. N. (2010). Integrative approaches to psychology and christianity An int roduction to worldview issues, philosophical foundations, and models of integration(2 nd ed. ). Eugene, OR Wipf and Stock.

Negetive Effects of Technology Essay

In this century that we be living, there be many different ways to communicate and interact with the people we need. New develop technologies eat made our lives much easier than the old days. Many people prefer to bearing at a screen and explore new things, do our homework, chat with our close ones, listen to a song, watch a movie, buy new clothes and so on. These be the things that we can do. Moreover, it saves cartridge clip and money. One of the important decisions we leave is to work at home in front of a computer.However, high developed engineering has disadvantages resembling if we look at a screen it is mediocre for you health, we do not know if it is true and guaranteed for snow percent. First, when we speak of the tinct of technology on society, we always talk about the positive effects of technology and about how technology has made life easy. We talk about the cyberspace as an information mental imagery and a communication platform and conveniently ignore th e fact that an overexposure to it get goings to Internet addiction. We often discuss how technology has made life easy but easily forget that it has made us overly pendent on it.see moreis technology making us lazyHave you thought of the impact of technology from this point of view? I am sure, most of you havent. Let us look at this aspect of technology here. People result (and are beginning to) miss out on face-to-face contact and thus their societal skills will decline. It is possible that after decades of having no, or extremely exceptional homophile contact, that we will loose the ability to read body language. This could cause all sorts of misunderstandings and problems. Secondly, depending on a screen rather than meeting face-to-face is very icky for health. It will make our spine backwards ill.Sitting for long hours and looking to a screen also makes our eye bad. When i was little i played and watched movies on a computer for long hours because it is was fun. Since th en my eye kept getting bad and i had to wear glasses. It authenticly annoys me a lot when i play basketball and to run in the morning. Whats more, four days ago my back hurt because school started and i have been seance for long hours and been looking at a computer screen Having limited human contact will cause us to have even less trust in others, and in turn, we will be even less friendly and even more stand-offish.Thirdly, for people who do their works by development the internet has also bad sides to the society. We are getting lazy and not going outside for a walk. Our movement gets limited only in our home. Also, it is making the person isolated from the society outside which the he or she is might become lonely just communicating with the computer. My best friends thumping brother doesnt have any friends to go out with because he spends all of his time on he computer. I think it is a very bad habit for him to get isolated from the real life.Think of the days when there we re no computers and no modern means of transport. Human life was extremely restricted delinquent to the unavailability of technological applications. Daily life involved a lot of bodily activity. Life of the common man was not as luxurious as that of modern times, but he was more active. Exercise was integrated into routine physical activities. It was contrary to the sedentary lifestyle of today, which leaves no time for exercise and fills days with inactivity and laze.Today we dont want to, and thanks to technology, dont even need to, walk, move around or exert physically to get things done. We have the macrocosm is at our fingertips. We think of technology as a boon to society. I am afraid its not completely a boon. The Internet has bred many unethical practices like hacking, spamming and phishing. Internet crime is on the rise. The Internet, being an open platform lacks regulation. There is no regulation on the content displayed on websites. Internet gambling has become an ad diction for many students.Overexposure to the Internet has taken its toll. In this virtual world, you can be who you are not, you can be virtually living even after you die. Isnt this weird? Children are spending all their time playing online and less or almost no time playing on the ground. Youngsters are spending most of their time social networking, missing on the joys of real social life. Moreover, we have become excessively dependent on technology. Is so much of dependency good? Is it make up to rely on machines to such an extent?Is it right to depend on computers rather than relying on human intellect? Computer technology and robotics are trying to substitute for human intellect. With the fast advancing technology, we have started harnessing artificial intelligence in many fields. Where is the digital divide going to take us? How is our tomorrow going to be? Machines replacing human beings does not portray a rosy picture, does it? It can lead to serious issues like unemploym ent and crime.An excessive use of machines in every field can result in an nder-utilization of human brains. Over time, we may even lose our intellectual abilities. You know of the declining mathematical abilities in students due to use of calculators since school, dont you? In conclusion, as technology is getting better people are trying to make their work easy and fast. From this we become lazy, weak and ill. It makes our immune system go bad and we have the ability to get the diseases fast. From all the examples above it shows face-to-face contact is still necessary in our lives and society.

Qualitative research Essay

Abstract This paper is the stolon of a series of three articles relating to a drive engross up conducted at Fairfield University to pass judgment aspects of the rapid entre of In excogitateation Technology at the institution. This article aims with the nature of the problem faced by Fairfield University, the characteristics of the shell methodological compend, and lays the butt for the selection of this interrogation technique for the current field of honor. The paper contracts with an launch section to familiarize the reader with the guinea pig organization.The undermentioned section on shimmy Methodology explores the history, and well-nigh of the applications of the technique. The section ends with specific look for communications protocols for investigators. Introduction Fairfield University is a private liberal arts institution of almost 3,000 full date undergraduate students and about 1,000 graduate school students. The undergraduate students argon distrib uted through the College of Arts and Sciences, the School of Business, and the School of Nursing. The graduate students be in the Graduate School of Education, the School of Business, and the School of Nursing.There be excessively part cadence students in the School of Continuing Education and the BEI School of Engineering. As with many other private institutions of high education, Fairfield University faces many ch all(prenominal)enges. These challenges come from the declining population of college age students and the growing cost of running the institution. The literature will bread and butter the preceding statement (Crossland, 1980), but provide little comfort to the institution. One of the beas of greatest concern to college managers is the act cost of t separatelying technology.With the constant read to increase staff salaries, it is like salaries, inadvisable to reduce the cost on in chastiseion technology. Interviews that were conducted by this investigator with the deans and managers indicated that some of the peer institutions of Fairfield University argon in fact doing as much if non more in this area. Hence any interruption in the effort to uphold technological currency would result in a competitive disadvantage for the institution. Therein lies the administrative monetary challenge.The expense on information technology substantive be maintained at a time of declining revenues (Nicklin, 1992). The field of information technology at a university is very broad and could encompass many technologies withal not considered deep down its purview. However, at that place has been a relentless and indeed accelerating pace of convergence of the technologies in telecommunications, subroutine library services, and video services. The current shoot is concerned only with the aspects of information technology as it relates to academic calculate and will focus on instructional and research computing.The goals of this test include an e xamination of the (a) managerial and (b) economic aspects of the rapid scholarship of information technology. The objectives deriving from those goals are An assessment of the categories of computer break dance in high education. An evaluation of the managerial issues of computing, including the centralization/decentralization of computing, client/ host computing and the aspects of the Internet and the field grand Web (WWW) Establish a basis for taste the current and future economic aspects of information technology acquisition.The research questions arising from the above objectives were as follows intent 1 above is intercommunicate by the question What fleshs of acquisition emerge from the current computing environment and the perceived necessitate for computing? Objective 2 is addressed by the question What characteristics of the categories of computing use contribute to the patterns of acquisition? The five categories au thentic by baron and Kraemer (1985) and ad apted for use by Levy (1988) in his work at the University of Arizona, are use in this bailiwick, to check the computing use at Fairfield University.Objective 3 is addressed by the question What managerial issues arise from the rapid acquisition of information technology and how important be in possession of those technologies become to the organization? Objective 4 is addressed by the question How will the institution balance the need for technological changes with the need to continue the accomplishment of routine tasks?. Samuel Levy (1988) conducted a study of instructional and research computing at the University of Arizona. This study replicates and extends the Levy (1988) study, and was conducted at Fairfield University.The current study extends the Levy (1988) study in its examination of aspects of the Internet, the World Wide Web, and Client/Server computing. Levy (1988) established the use of the persona study as usurp for the research excogitate, and this research er also utilize the literature to confirm the use of character methodology in the study at Fairfield University. The history and development of case methodology is reviewed, in support of the current case study at Fairfield University. There have been extents of intense use followed by periods of disuse of this technique, as authenticated by Hamel, Dufour, and Fortin (1993) as well as others.The relevance of that history to this study is important in that it establishes the know advantages and disadvantages of the methodology. The particular technique of a sensation-case study is reviewed, since that is the specific implementation of a case study at Fairfield University and was also employ by Levy (1988). study Study Methodology The history of case study research is marked by periods of intense use and periods of disuse. The earliest use of this form of research merchantman be traced to Europe, predominantly to France.The methodology in the United States was most closely ass ociated with The University of Chicago Department of Sociology. From the primeval 1900s until 1935, The Chicago School was preeminent in the field and the source of a great deal of the literature. There was a wealth of material in Chicago, since it was a period of in-migration to the United States and sundry(a) aspects of immigration of different national groups to the city were studied and reported on (Hamel et al. , 1993). Issues of poverty, unemployment, and other conditions deriving from immigration were ideally suited to the case study methodology.Zonabend (1992) stated that case study is through with(p) by bountiful special attention to completeness in observation, reconstruction, and analysis of the cases under study. Case study is done in a way that incorporates the views of the actors in the case under study. The field of sociology is associated most strongly with case study research, and during the period leading up to 1935, several problems were raised by researchers in other fields. This coincided with a movement within sociology, to make it more scientific. This meant providing some quantitative measurements to the research design and analysis.Since The Chicago School was most place with this methodology, there were serious attacks on their primacy. This resulted in the denigration of case study as a methodology. In 1935, there was a public dispute between Columbia University professors, who were championing the scientific method, and The Chicago School and its supporters. The resolution was a victory for Columbia University and the consequent decline in the use of case study as a research methodology. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) was careful to reject the criticisms of case study as poorly founded, make in the midst of methodological conflict.He insist that the drawbacks of case study were not world attacked, kind of the immaturity of sociology as a discipline was being displayed. As the use of quantitative methods advanced, the decline of the case study hastened. However, in the 1960s, researchers were becoming concerned about the limitations of quantitative methods. Hence there was a renewed askment in case study. Strauss and Glaser (1967) create the concept of grounded guess. This along with some well regarded studies accelerated the renewed use of the methodology.A frequent criticism of case study methodology is that its dependence on a exclusive case renders it incapable of providing a generalizing conclusion. Yin (1993) presented Giddens view that considered case methodology microscopic because it lacked a sufficient add together of cases. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) and Yin (1984, 1989a, 1989b, 1993, 1994) forcefully argued that the relative size of the sample whether 2, 10, or 100 cases are used, does not transform a septuple case into a macroscopic study. The goal of the study should establish the parameters, and then should be utilize to all research.In this way, even a single case could be cons idered acceptable, provided it met the established objective. The literature provides some insight into the acceptance of an experimental proto suit to perceive the singularity of the object of study. This ensures the transformation from the local to the globose for explanation. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) characterized such singularity as a concentration of the global in the local. Yin (1989a) stated that general pertinency results from the set of methodological qualities of the case, and the rigor with which the case is constructed.He expatiate the procedures that would satisfy the acquired methodological rigor. Case study target be seen to satisfy the three tenets of the qualitative method describing, understanding, and explaining. The literature contains numerous examples of applications of the case study methodology. The earliest and most natural examples are to be found in the fields of police force and Medicine, where cases make up the large body of the student work. Ho wever, there are some areas that have used case study techniques extensively, particularly in government and in evaluative situations.The government studies were carried out to chance whether particular programs were efficient or if the goals of a particular program were being met. The evaluative applications were carried out to assess the effectiveness of educational initiatives. In both typewrites of investigations, merely quantitative techniques tended to obscure some of the important information that the researchers needed to uncover. The body of literature in case study research is primitive and limited (Yin, 1994), in comparison to that of experimental or quasi-experimental research.The requirements and inflexibility of the latter forms of research make case studies the only executable utility(a) in some instances. It is a fact that case studies do not need to have a minimum number of cases, or to randomly select cases. The researcher is called upon to work with the situat ion that presents itself in each case. Case studies chiffonier be single or multiple-case designs, where a multiple design must(prenominal)iness follow a replication rather than sampling logic. When no other cases are usable for replication, the researcher is limited to single-case designs.Yin (1994) pointed out that generalization of results, from either single or multiple designs, is made to theory and not to populations. Multiple cases strengthen the results by replicating the pattern-matching, thus increasing confidence in the robustness of the theory. Applications of case study methodology have been carried out in High-Risk Youth Programs (Yin, 1993) by several researchers. The effects of community-based legal community programs have been widely investigated using case methodology.Where the high risk youth studies assumed a single case evaluation, these studies have typically used a assembling of cases as a multiple-case study. This has been true in the various substance abuse prevention programs that are community-based (Holder, 1987 Sabol, 1990 Yin, 1993). Numerous such studies sponsored by the U. S. General chronicle Office are distributed in the literature between Evans (1976) and Gopelrud (1990). These studies have gone beyond the quantitative statistical results and explained the conditions through the perspective of the actors. Thus case study evaluations prat cover both process and outcomes, because they can include both quantitative and qualitative entropy. There are several examples of the use of case methodology in the literature. Yin (1993) listed several examples along with the appropriate research design in each case. There were suggestions for a general approach to designing case studies, and also recommendations for exploratory, instructive, and descriptive case studies. Each of those three approaches can be either single or multiple-case studies, where multiple-case studies are replicatory, not sampled cases.There were also spe cific examples in education, and management information placements. Education has embraced the case method for instructional use. Some of the applications are reviewed in this paper. In exploratory case studies, fieldwork, and data ingathering whitethorn be undertaken prior to definition of the research questions and hypotheses. This type of study has been considered as a prelude to some social research. However, the framework of the study must be created ahead of time. Pilot take tos are very useful in determining the final protocols that will be used.Survey questions may be cast awayped or added based on the outcome of the pilot study. Selecting cases is a voiceless process, but the literature provides guidance in this area (Yin, 1989a). Stake (1995) recommended that the selection offers the opportunity to maximize what can be learned, knowing that time is limited. Hence the cases that are selected should be easy and willing subjects. A practised instrumental case does not have to defend its typicality. Explanatory cases are suitable for doing causal studies. In very complex and multivariate cases, the analysis can make use of pattern-matching techniques.Yin and Moore (1988) conducted a study to examine the reason why some research findings get into practical use. They used a funded research project as the unit of analysis, where the upshot was constant but the project varied. The utilization outcomes were explained by three rivalry theories a intimacy-driven theory, a problem-solving theory, and a social-fundamental interaction theory. Knowledge-driven theory means that ideas and discoveries from basic research eventually become moneymaking(prenominal) products. Problem-solving theory follows the same path, but originates not with a researcher, but with an external source identifying a problem.The social-interaction theory claims that researchers and users belong to overlapping professional networks and are in frequent communication. Descriptive cases require that the investigator begin with a descriptive theory, or face the possibility that problems will occur during the project. Pyecha (1988) used this methodology to study special education, using a pattern-matching procedure. Several states were studied and the data about each states activities were compared to another, with idealized theoretic patterns. Thus what is implied in this type of study is the formation of hypotheses of cause-effect relationships.Hence the descriptive theory must cover the depth and scope of the case under study. The selection of cases and the unit of analysis is developed in the same manner as the other types of case studies. Case studies have been increasingly used in education. While law and medical schools have been using the technique for an extended period, the technique is being applied in a variety of instructional situations. Schools of business have been most aggressive in the implementation of case based learning, or active learning (Boisjoly & DeMichiell, 1994).Harvard University has been a leader in this area, and cases developed by the faculty have been published for use by other institutions. The School of Business at Fairfield University has revised the curriculum so that in place of the individual longitudinal courses in the areas of Management, Marketing, Operations, Finance, and Information Systems, students take one course. That course is designed around cases that encompass those disciplines, but are presented in an integrated manner. The students are therefore made aware of the interrelatedness of the various disciplines and begin to think in terms of wider problems and solutions. posterior courses add the international dimension to the overall picture. Case studies have been used to develop critical opinion (Alvarez, et al. , 1990). There are also interactive language courses (Carney, 1995), courses designed to broaden the students horizons (Brearley, 1990), and even for technical courses (Greenwa ld, 1991), and philosophical ones (Garvin, 1991). This investigation is a case study of the aspects of Information Technology that are related to client/server computing, the Internet, and the World Wide Web, at Fairfield University.Thus this paper examines issues that will expand the readers knowledge of case study methodology as it relates to the design and execution of such a study. Yin (1994) recommended the use of case-study protocol as part of a carefully designed research project that would include the following sections Overview of the project (project objectives and case study issues) Field procedures (credentials and opening to sites) Questions (specific questions that the investigator must keep in mind during data collection) Guide for the report (outline, format for the narrative) (Yin, 1994, p.64)The quintessential characteristic of case studies is that they strive towards a holistic understanding of cultural systems of action (Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1990). Cultural systems of action refer to sets of interrelated activities engaged in by the actors in a social situation. The case studies must al shipway have boundaries (Stake, 1995). Case study research is not sampling research, which is a fact asserted by all the major researchers in the field, including Yin, Stake, Feagin and others. However, selecting cases must be done so as to maximize what can be learned, in the period of time available for the study.The unit of analysis is a critical factor in the case study. It is typically a system of action rather than an individual or group of individuals. Case studies tend to be selective, focusing on one or two issues that are fundamental to understanding the system being examined. Case studies are multi-perspectival analyses. This means that the researcher considers not just the voice and perspective of the actors, but also of the germane(predicate) groups of actors and the interaction between them. This one aspect is a salient point in the chara cteristic that case studies possess. They give a voice to the powerless and voiceless.When sociological studies present many studies of the homeless and powerless, they do so from the standstill of the elite (Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1991). Case study is known as a triangulated research strategy. Snow and Anderson (cited in Feagin, Orum, & Sjoberg, 1991) asserted that triangulation can occur with data, investigators, theories, and even methodologies. Stake (1995) stated that the protocols that are used to ensure accuracy and alternative explanations are called triangulation. The need for triangulation arises from the ethical need to confirm the validity of the processes.In case studies, this could be done by using multiple sources of data (Yin, 1984). The problem in case studies is to establish meaning rather than location. Designing Case Studies Yin (1994) identified five divisions of research design that are important for case studies A studys questions Its propositions, if any I ts unit(s) of analysis The logic linking the data to the propositions The criteria for interpreting the findings (Yin, 1994, p. 20). The studys questions are most likely to be how and why questions, and their definition is the first task of the researcher.The studys propositions sometimes derive from the how and why questions, and are helpful in focusing the studys goals. Not all studies need to have propositions. An exploratory study, rather than having propositions, would have a stated purpose or criteria on which the success will be judged. The unit of analysis defines what the case is. This could be groups, organizations or countries, but it is the primary winding unit of analysis. Linking the data to propositions and the criteria for interpreting the findings are the least developed aspects in case studies (Yin, 1994).Campbell (1975) described pattern-matching as a useful technique for linking data to the propositions. Campbell (1975) asserted that pattern-matching is a situat ion where several pieces of information from the same case may be related to some theoretical proposition. His study showed, through pattern-matching, that the observed drop in the level of traffic fatalities in Connecticut was not related to the subverting of the speed limit. His study also illustrated some of the difficulties in establishing the criteria for interpreting the findings.Construct validity is especially problematic in case study research. It has been a source of criticism because of potential investigator subjectivity. Yin (1994) proposed three remedies to counteract this using multiple sources of evidence, establishing a chain of evidence, and having a draft case study report reviewed by mainstay informants. interior(a) validity is a concern only in causal (explanatory) cases. This is usually a problem of inferences in case studies, and can be dealt with using pattern-matching, which has been described above.External validity deals with knowing whether the results are generalizable beyond the immediate case. Some of the criticism against case studies in this area relate to single-case studies. However, that criticism is directed at the statistical and not the uninflectedal generalization that is the basis of case studies. Reliability is achieved in many ways in a case study. One of the most important methods is the development of the case study protocol. Case studies can be either single or multiple-case designs. Single cases are used to confirm or challenge a theory, or to represent a unique or extreme case (Yin, 1994).Single-case studies are also ideal for revelatory cases where an observer may have access to a phenomenon that was previously inaccessible. Single-case designs require careful investigation to repress misrepresentation and to maximize the investigators access to the evidence. These studies can be holistic or embedded, the latter occurring when the same case study involves more than one unit of analysis. Multiple-case studie s follow a replication logic. This is not to be confused with sampling logic where a selection is made out of a population, for inclusion in the study.This type of sample selection is improper in a case study. Each individual case study consists of a whole study, in which facts are collect from various sources and conclusions drawn on those facts. Yin (1994) asserted that a case study investigator must be able to operate as a senior investigator during the course of data collection. There should be a period of training which begins with the examination of the definition of the problem and the development of the case study design. If there is only a single investigator, this might not be necessary.The training would cover aspects that the investigator needs to know, such as the reason for the study, the type of evidence being sought, and what variations might be expected. This could take the form of discussion rather than dress lectures. A case study protocol contains more than the survey instrument, it should also contain procedures and general rules that should be followed in using the instrument. It is to be created prior to the data collection leg. It is essential in a multiple-case study, and desirable in a single-case study.Yin (1994) presented the protocol as a major component in asserting the reliability of the case study research. A typical protocol should have the following sections An overview of the case study project (objectives, issues, topics being investigated) Field procedures (credentials and access to sites, sources of information) Case study questions (specific questions that the investigator must keep in mind during data collection) A guide for case study report (outline, format for the narrative) (Yin, 1994, p. 64). The overview should communicate to the reader the general topic of inquiry and the purpose of the case study.The field procedures mostly involve data collection issues and must be properly designed. The investigator does not control the data collection environment (Yin, 1994) as in other research strategies hence the procedures become all the more important. During interviews, which by nature are open ended, the subjects schedule must dictate the activity (Stake, 1995). Gaining access to the subject organization, having sufficient resources while in the field, clearly scheduling data collection activities, and providing for unanticipated events, must all be planned for.Case study questions are posed to the investigator, and must serve to actuate that person of the data to be quiet and its possible sources. The guide for the case study report is often neglected, but case studies do not have the uniform outline, as do other research reports. It is essential to plan this report as the case develops, to avoid problems at the end. Stake (1995), and Yin (1994) identified at least six sources of evidence in case studies. The following is not an ordered list, but reflects the research of both Yin (1994) an d Stake (1995)Documents Archival records Interviews Direct observation Participant-observation sensible artifacts Documents could be letters, memoranda, agendas, administrative documents, newspaper articles, or any document that is germane to the investigation. In the interest of triangulation of evidence, the documents serve to corroborate the evidence from other sources. Documents are also useful for making inferences about events. Documents can lead to false leads, in the hands of uninitiated researchers, which has been a criticism of case study research.Documents are communications between parties in the study, the researcher being a vicarious observer keeping this in mind will help the investigator avoid being misled by such documents. Archival documents can be service records, organizational records, lists of names, survey data, and other such records. The investigator has to be careful in evaluating the accuracy of the records before using them. Even if the records are quan titative, they might still not be accurate. Interviews are one of the most important sources of case study information.There are several forms of interviews that are possible Open-ended, Focused, and Structured or survey. In an open-ended interview, key respondents are asked to comment about certain events. They may propose solutions or provide insight into events. They may also corroborate evidence obtained from other sources. The researcher must avoid becoming dependent on a single informant, and seek the same data from other sources to verify its authenticity. The focused interview is used in a situation where the respondent is interviewed for a short period of time, usually answering set questions.This technique is often used to confirm data collected from another source. The structured interview is kindred to a survey, and is used to gather data in cases such as neighborhood studies. The questions are detailed and developed in advance, much as they are in a survey. Direct obse rvation occurs when a field visit is conducted during the case study. It could be as simple as casual data collection activities, or formal protocols to measure and record behaviors. This technique is useful for providing additional information about the topic being studied.The reliability is enhanced when more than one observer is involved in the task. Glesne and Peshkin (1992) recommended that researchers should be as unobtrusive as the wallpaper. Participant-observation makes the researcher into an active participant in the events being studied. This often occurs in studies of neighborhoods or groups. The technique provides some unusual opportunities for collecting data, but could face some major problems as well. The researcher could well alter the course of events as part of the group, which may not be helpful to the study.Physical artifacts can be tools, instruments, or some other physical evidence that may be collected during the study as part of a field visit. The perspectiv e of the researcher can be broadened as a result of the discovery. It is important to keep in mind that not all sources are applicable for all case studies (Yin, 1994). The investigator should be capable of dealing with all of them, should it be necessary, but each case will present different opportunities for data collection. There are some conditions that arise when a case researcher must start data collection before the study questions have been defined and finalized (Yin, 1994).This is likely to be successful only with an experienced investigator. Another important point to review is the return of using rival hypotheses and theories as a means of adding quality control to the case study. This improves the perception of the blondness and serious thinking of the researcher. Analyzing Case Study Evidence This aspect of the case study methodology is the least developed and hence the most difficult. As a result, some researchers have suggested that if the study were made conduciv e to statistical analysis, the process would be easier and more acceptable.This quantitative approach would be appealing to some of the critics of the case study methodology. However not all case studies lend themselves to this type of analysis. Miles and Huberman (1984) suggested analytic techniques such as rearranging the arrays, placing the evidence in a matrix of categories, creating flowcharts or data displays, tabulating the frequency of different events, using means, variances and drag tabulations to examine the relationships between variables, and other such techniques to facilitate analysis. There must first be an analytic strategy, that will lead to conclusions.Yin (1994) presented two strategies for general use One is to rely on theoretical propositions of the study, and then to analyze the evidence based on those propositions. The other technique is to develop a case description, which would be a framework for organizing the case study. Lynd conducted a widely cited Mid dletown study in 1929, and used a formal chapter construct to guide the development of the analysis. In other situations, the original objective of the case study may help to identify some causal links that could be analyzed. Pattern-matching is another major mode of analysis.This type of logic compares an empirical pattern with a predicted one. Internal validity is enhanced when the patterns coincide. If the case study is an explanatory one, the patterns may be related to the dependent or autonomous variables. If it is a descriptive study, the predicted pattern must be defined prior to data collection. Yin (1994) recommended using rival explanations as pattern-matching when there are independent variables involved. This requires the development of rival theoretical propositions, but the overall concern remains the degree to which a pattern matches the predicted one.Yin (1994) encouraged researchers to make every effort to produce an analysis of the highest quality. In order to acc omplish this, he presented four principles that should attract the researchers attention Show that the analysis relied on all the relevant evidence Include all major rival interpretations in the analysis Address the most material aspect of the case study Use the researchers prior, expert knowledge to further the analysis Stake (1995) recommended categorical aggregation as another means of analysis and also suggested developing protocols for this phase of the case study to enhance the quality of the research.He also presented ideas on pattern-matching along the lines that Yin (1994) presented. Runkel (1990) used amount measures to obtain relative frequencies in a multiple-case study. Stake (1995) favored coding the data and identifying the issues more clearly at the analysis stage. Eisner and Peshkin (1990) placed a high priority on direct interpretation of events, and lower on interpretation of measurement data, which is another viable alternative to be considered.