Monday, September 30, 2019

Problems and Prospects of Poultry Industry in Bangladesh Essay

Problems and Prospects of Poultry Industry in Bangladesh: An Analysis Muhammad Mahboob Ali * Md. Moulude Hossain** – Abstract: The poultry industry has been successfully becoming a leading industry of Bangladesh. The primary objective of the study is to identify the various aspect relating the growth and sustainability of poultry industry in Bangladesh. Authors’ argued that strategic management in poultry sector requires complementing to achieve present Govt.’s vision of Digital Bangladesh 2021. This industry can provide various opportunities to increase GDP growth rate plus equitable distribution through arranging food security as well as ensuring self employment, creating purchasing power and reducing poverty at a large scale. Allowing importance of the country’s poultry industry in order to ensure the sustainable economic development it is now high time to step forward for the better accumulation of resources available from this industry and to save the small and medium farmers. Authors’ observe that to import poultry related products huge amount of valuable foreign exchange will be spent. They proposed for providing subsidy to the local industry and protect safeguard to the local entrepreneurs of the poultry industry. Vaccine, vaccinations services, alternative to vaccine services, antibiotic feed additives and other inputs and services of the poultry sector should be developed locally as suggested by the authors’. Keywords: Poultry, GDP, Poverty, Bangladesh *The first author is Professor and Head, M.H. School of Business, Presidency University. **The second author is lecturer, School of Business, Institute of Science and Technology under national University. 2 Introduction Bangladesh is one of the high density countries of the world has a population of 150 million people within the area of 143,000 km2. About Eighty percent people of this country still live in villages and are extremely poor. Both the government and a variety of non-governmental organisations (NGO’s) are actively promoting poultry development at all levels. The Bangladesh Rural  Advancement Commission (BRAC), the largest, shows in its’ annual report that more than 70% of rural households are involved in poultry keeping. But they face serious constraints, as the mortality rate of poultry is said to be as high as 25%, due to a combination of improper feeding practices, ignorance of management needs and poor distribution of vaccines. Poultry sector will create job opportunity for 10m people as claimed by poultry leaders in a roundtable titled â€Å"Present Crisis and Prospects of Poultry Industry in Bangladesh †(Source: Financial Express, Bangladesh 23 July,2010). Small-scale poultry production has developed in a large number of developing countries around the world as an important source of earning for the rural poor. In the last few years, the recognition of small-scale commercial poultry production helps to accelerate the pace of poverty reduction riding in new height in Bangladesh. The poultry industry has been successfully becoming a leading industry of the country. The sector is also growing rapidly for last two decades though it started farming during mid sixties in this country. It has already capable to rise at an annual growth of around 20 per cent during last two decades. This industry has immense potentialities from the point of view of the economic growth of the country as well as fulfillment of basic needs and to keep the price at a minimum level and ensuring food especially animal protein for the human being. The current farming structures of poultry in the country can be generally separated as mentioned below: Conventional countryside backyard or scavenging/semi-scavenging system while another system is a business-related farming system. Conventional poultry production is an essential part of rural farm household activities; a few birds are reared with little or no feed complement to generate eggs and meat for home consumption and any excess is selling. Business related poultry farms are definite for raising birds in restricted environment support on high yielding breeds, for profit feeds and business exercises. But recently declining trend in the poultry industry has been creating a problem for the country. This industry has immense scope for the country through following points: i) Changing livelihood & food habit; ii) Reduction of dependence of meat related to Cow and goat, iii) Ultimately has positive impact on GDP growth rate of the country. The poultry industry has been making progress despite: i) Avian Influenza/bird flu outbreak; ii)Price rises of raw materials in the international market; iii)Lack of infrastructural support Research question of the study is to assess the impact f the poultry industry among the people of the country. Literature Review Gopalkrishnan and Mohanlal(1994) argue that food costs represents 65 to 75 per cent of total cost of commercial policy production, depending mainly in the relative costs of feed constituents ,labour ,housing., miscellaneous items of costs in a particular situation. Therefore it becomes imperative that economic as well as nutritionally balanced diets are provided during all phases of productive life-in eggers, chickens ,growers and layer stages and in broiler ,starter and finishing 3 stages. The economics of poultry feeding depends to large extent on the local situation of food availability and competition for the same food staff for use by human beings. Hunton (2001) in a study argue that, there is no doubt that exciting times lie ahead for the Bangladesh poultry industry. The combination of basic low input-low output, subsistence level growers, and all combinations up to and including large scale commercial production, presents a daunting and stimulating prospect to a government preoccupied with poverty and malnutrition. Nevertheless, the poultry industry represents one way of accomplishing several national goals under a single banner. Employment, poverty alleviation and improved nutrition are all potential benefits from continued support and encouragement of poultry development. Islam(2003) comments that the poultry sub-sector is crucially important in the context of agricultural growth and improvement of diets of people in Bangladesh. The sub-sector is particularly important in that it is a significant source for the supply of protein and nutrition in a household’s nutritional intake. It is an attractive economic activity as well, especially to women and poor population. Banerjee(2004) observes that in comparison to other livestock ,Poultry requires less investment to start the farming. Persons from low income group may also start the business on a small scale. Poultry farming offer opportunities for fulfillment or part –time employment particularly women, children or elderly person on the farm operation. Khan , Miah , Bhuiyan , Begum , Hussain and Khanum (2006) observe that Local chickens dominate poultry production in Bangladesh. In Sylhet mainly poor families, who have arrived from outside and are landless rear poultry.Most of the households (58.33%) had 0-15 chicken. Most of the families (75%) reared their chicken in combined house with duck. Materials used for housing were similar to other parts of the country. Mainly female members were involved in poultry rearing. About fifty percent farmers got on an average less than 70 eggs per year per bird. A few farmers (5.56%) informed that they had collected more than 130 eggs from a bird in a year. In most of the cases (47.22%) the length of clutch was less than 20. Interval between two clutches was found in highest percentage (42.22%). Highest egg production was observed in winter season (52.78%) followed by summer, spring and late autumn. Maximum (60%) farmer had vaccinated their birds and 55% farmers got service from Department of Livestock Services. Jabbar et al.(access on 31 December ,2007) comments that since the early 1990s, contract farming as a market institution in the poultry industry in Bangladesh has evolved along with the expansion of commercial poultry farming. Apart from classical contract farming within vertically integrated enterprises, there are also formal and informal contract arrangements in input marketing and output marketing A high drop-out rate among commercial poultry producers is observed. Results of a survey conducted among farmers who dropped out of the poultry business in recent years are presented, highlighting the causes of dropping out and the possible role of contract farming in addressing them. Akter and Uddin(2009) argue that as an important sub sector of livestock production, the poultry industry in Bangladesh plays a vital role in economic growth and simultaneously creates 4  numerous employment opportunities. The poultry industry, as a fundamental part of animal production, is committed to supply the nation which a cheap  source of good quality nutritious animal protein in terms of meat and eggs. Aho (2010) predicts that poultry meat output may be impacted and fall before that of eggs in the world production. The factors that influence the production of poultry meat and eggs, he said, are real income per capita, the distribution of that income, the cost of grain and the size of the human population. â€Å"Poultry will do well despite higher grain costs,† said Dr Aho. This is because, at around 2:1, feed efficiency is better for poultry meat than pork (3:1) or beef (4:1), largely thanks to the tremendous progress made by broiler genetics companies over the last 50 years or so. Another important factor is the difference in water requirement: 3,000 litres for chicken compared to 6,000 litres for pork and 16,000 litres for beef. Bangladesh Food Security Investment Forum Report (May 2010) state that, the vibrant fisheries sector in Bangladesh accounts for roughly 20 percent of the agricultural GDP while the growing livestock sector comprises around 12 percent. More than 10 million Bangladeshis directly depend on these sectors for their livelihoods. A large proportion one of these people are smallholders whose production on of milk, meat, and eggs increased significantly between 2002 and 2008 primarily because of improved breed, feed, and fodder; available veterinary health services; and investments led by the private sector. The growth rate in the fisheries sector has also improved—from 2.33 percent in 2002−03 to 4.11 percent in 2007−08. This growth is largely from intensive technological management practices in agriculture. Pond aquaculture has also been improving and now produces about 866,049 metric tons (mt) per year, representing 41.92 percent of total inland fish production on (2,839 kilograms/ hectare). Shamsuddoha (2010) observes that sustainable development of environment friendly commercial poultry industry in Bangladesh seems to have attracted little attention. According to http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/943/antibiotic-feed-additives-politics-andscience Cervantes commented that contrary to public perception, the continued use of antibiotic feed additives is beneficial for both, animal and human health (accessed on 5th November,2011).He said that there are numerous scientifically documented benefits derived directly from their use, such as the prevention and control of enteric diseases, enhanced food  safety, improved animal welfare, preservation and less contamination of the environment, improved efficiency of production and lower cost of production resulting in lower prices for the consumers who can continue to enjoy an abundant supply of safe and nutritious food products of animal origin at an affordable price. According to http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/infpd/econf_bang.html(accessed on 5th November,2011) small poultry enterprises with adequate institutional support targeting the poorest rural women and their families can help them take the first step out of poverty. However, for the concept to work as a poverty breaking tool (i) the beneficiaries must come from the poorest segments of the village, (ii) the cost of producing an egg must be lower than in the commercial sector, (iii) an enabling environment must be established to keep a small flock of hens, inter alia, access in the village to feed, vaccine, vaccinations services, micro-finance, marketing and other inputs and services, and (iv) the enabling environment must contain 5  institutional and political space to provide the people involved the possibilities and opportunities to take the next step out of poverty. Objectives of the Study The primary objective of the study is to identify the various aspect relating the growth and sustainability of poultry industry in Bangladesh. We also attempt to seek the factor that making this industry vulnerable in terms of growth potentials. Along with theses we had tried to design recommendations for the developments of our poultry industry. Besides theses primary objectives there are some secondary objectives of the study as follows: †¢ To identify the various stakeholders and market players in the poultry industry of Bangladesh as well the firm size, growth and market structure. †¢ To observe the factors that affect competitive advantages, profitability and firm growth potential within the poultry production supply chain. †¢ To determine the impact of the poultry industry on the food supply chain of Bangladesh. †¢ To address risks associated with the poultry industry and how to mitigate those risks for the sustainable growth and development of poultry industry. Methodology of the Study The study is an explanatory nature. The study is based on mainly secondary sources. Moreover, the study will also try to investigate internal sources of different poultry firms. Time period of the study is January 2011 to April 2011.Exact sources including books, journals, websites, research reports etc. which will be mentioned. Making Vision 2021 a Reality: Prospects of Poultry Industry According to OUTLINE PERSPECTIVE PLAN OF BANGLADESH, 2010-2021: MAKING VISION 2021 A REALITY -Poor nutrition represents a major health problem. It is evident that a substantial majority of the population suffer from varying degrees of malnutrition, including protein-energy malnutrition, micro-nutrient deficiencies (such as vitamin A deficiencies, calcium deficiency disorders), iodine deficiency disorder, Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia, and vitamin deficiencies. Poultry sector in this regard has been playing a significant role in providing protein at a lower cost. Most probably it is the only sector that can grow vertically and produce maximum amount of egg and chicken using the minimum land. However below we see list of calories from different types of meat: List of calories in various meats: Table:1 Meat Type Calories Fat Bacon Calories (average rashers) 500 45g Beef Calories (average lean) 275 20g Lamb breast (roast) 398 30g Lamb Chops (grilled) 368 28g Lamb Cutlets (grilled) 375 31g 6 Lamb Leg (roast) 270 17g Lamb Shoulder (roast) 320 24g Pork Belly rashers (grilled) 400 35g Pork Chops (grilled) 340 24g Pork Leg (roast) 290 20g Pork Trotters (boiled) 290 23g Veal fillet (roast) 240 12g Chicken Calories (average) 140 12g Duck (roast) 330 30g Goose (roast) 350 25g Partridge (roast) 250 8g Pheasant (roast) 250 9g Pigeon (roast) 242 13.5g Turkey (roast) 165 6g Hare 155 6g Rabbit 187 8g Venison 200 6.5 Values for the calories in meats may vary due to different cooking methods! http://www.weightlossforall.com/calories†meat.htm Poultry Industry: contribution to rural & national economy – Livestock is playing an important role in the national economy, contributing significantly to agriculture and the gross national product. – 44% of human daily intake of animal protein comes from livestock products. – Furthermore it plays a pivotal role in the rural socio economic system as maximum households directly involved in livestock. – Investment in poultry sector should be doubled within the next decade and it will enhance the growth of this sector and contribute in the GDP and creates employment opportunity. – In the nineties total investment in this sector was only BDT 15 hundred crores taka, but now it is more than BDT 15 thousand crores – It has created job opportunity for more than 60 lakhs people. – The poultry industry has been engaging supply of quality protein to the Bangladesh population at the lowest price in the world. Present situation of the Poultry industry has been shown below: 7 Table:2 June 2010 December 2010 March 2011 Production of Bird (Million Kg./day) 1.95 1.70 1.6 Egg production (Million /day) 27.5 26 23.5 Numbers of farms of Poultry 1,14,000 98,000 75,000 (Source:Chowdhury,2011) From the aforesaid table: 2, we are seeing that declining trend of production is prevailing in the poultry industry of Bangladesh. Moreover, price of the feed of the poultry rises around 30% during last six months. Poultry industry doe not count in the SME sector of the country. Maximum commercial banks are not interested to finance this sector as they think it as a risky sector. http://www.wattagnet.com/Bangladesh_poultry_industry_loses_1_million_jobs_due_to_bird _flu_outbreaks.html reported that (March 24,2011) that Over 1 million people involved in Bangladesh’s poultry industry have lost their jobs in recent months due to outbreaks of avian influenza, according to the Bangladesh Poultry Farm Protection National Council. http://www.thepoultrysite.com/poultrynews/24379/four-hpai-outbreaks-in-dhaka-andkhulna( December 22,2011) reported that The World Organisation for Animal Health received follow-up report no. 36 yesterday, 21 December. The causal agent has been identified as H5N1 virus and all four outbreaks took place at commercial poultry farms located in Dhaka and Khulna. According to the report, a total of 14984 birds were found susceptible to the outbreaks, out of which 1257 cases were identified, indicating a 100 per cent apparent case fatality rate (meaning all 1257 affected birds were found dead). A total of 13727 birds were destroyed. Fisheries and Livestock Minister of Peoples republic of Government of Bangladesh Abdul Latif Biswas recently has said the government is considering the import of essential antibiotics to sustain the growth of poultry industry in the country (Source: http://www.farmingnewsdaily.co.uk/news/220811/cleaning_up_drugs_in_farming_.aspx). Essential antibiotics are needed to protect poultry from diseases. The government is considering lifting the ban on import of antibiotic for poultry as commented by the aforesaid minister. He said: â€Å"Since the independence, the country’s poultry industry has achieved significant growth both in terms of production and quality.† The Daily Star reports that he added now, a 10-million workforce are involved in the poultry industry and there are 150 million consumers.(Source: ibid) Poultry Industry: Supply of Animal Protein, Food Security – Rising population, moderate growth of per capita income and higher income elasticity of demand for livestock products are likely to bring a further increase in the demand for livestock products. – The demand for milk and eggs has increased by 6, 5.2, per cent respectively which is well above national average in the past. 8 – Bangladesh is a densely populated country. Agricultural land is limited and is reducing at a rate of 1 percent per annum. As such scarcity of production of agricultural product will be felt. – Fish & cattle production are decreasing. These also require longer time to produce. But poultry production is relatively easier if both public and private sector initiatives go side by side. – Poor nutrition represents a major health problem. It is evident that a substantial majority of the population suffer from varying degrees of malnutrition, including protein-energy malnutrition, micro-nutrient deficiencies, iodine deficiency disorder, Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia, and vitamin deficiencies. – Poultry sector in this regard has been playing a significant role in providing protein at a lower cost. Most probably it is the only sector that can grow vertically and produce maximum amount of egg and chicken using the minimum land. – A report titled ‘Climate Change as a Security Risk’ said that the probable loss of arable and residential lands through flooding in this part of the world (Bangladesh and its neighbourhood) would result in increase of  internal and external environmental migration and strained relations between countries. A solution to the issue of farmland depletion could be formulation of a sensible and realistic land-use policy. – Moreover, from the poultry sector biogas plant and organic fertilizer can be prepared. State of protein deficiency & contribution of Poultry Industry – According to FAO each person should take o 56 Kg. meat per annum while 365 eggs per annum. But in Bangladesh per head use of meat is only 14.57 kg per annum while use of egg is 31 per head per annum only. o As a resultant factor suffers from malnutrition and prevails disparity between poorer and richer section of the society. – Currently as per UNICEF report total population is 16.40 crore. If population growth rate rises at the rate of 1.40 % per annum, then protein deficiency will rise, which can be mitigate from the poultry sector as this sector has immense potentialities. Poultry Industry: Creating Huge Job Opportunity – The sector can create huge job opportunity. The Honorable Finance Minister and the Food Minister also declared that poultry sector can create more job opportunity. – Poultry farming offer opportunities for fulfillment or part–time employment particularly women, children or elderly person on the farm operations. – Scope of Four Folds Increase in Poultry Production In a handbook of poultry farming and feed formulation it was commented that the first and foremost reason of poultry farming is a high nutritious food in a reasonable price. There is a scope of four folds increase in poultry production. – The milk, which is a traditional protein food for growing children and other vulnerable population, is getting costlier and there is every chance of adultering in it. 9 – In future, one can visualize the egg and poultry meat not only as a supplementary protein food but also as a substitute of other meat products and even milk for a healthy purpose. Major Challenges Facing Poultry Industry â€Å"Yesterday who was a solvent farmer has become a poor guy today†- this is basically true to the poultry farmers. The farmers are severely suffering from security of their farms and investment. Every year thousands of farms are collapsing due to bird flu outbreak and many for their incapability to by high priced poultry ingredients and absorbing losses from market price fall. However the poultry industry of Bangladesh currently facing the following challenges against its growth potentials. Porter’s Five Forces Model of Poultry Industry is shown below: (Source: Porter’s Five Forces Framework used for Poultry sector) General Challenges – In the country the epidemic of some infections coupled with increase in feed cost sometimes emerge to be the most significant hinders for this industry. – Recently NBR is trying to impose new taxes on maize import. This has created problem as maize is the key ingredient to prepare poultry feed. – Moreover, the tax exemption on poultry will also come to an end by June 2011 which increased up to 2013. – The price of poultry raw materials has hiked up sharply in the international market. Very naturally the production costs have also hiked up. – The banks interest rate in this sector is very high which is on an average 12-14% per annum and real effective interest rate is around 18-20% per annum. Moreover, lot of hidden charges and costs are associated in this sector to avail the loan from the banking sector. Actually bank interest rate should be 10%.Moreover,NGOs and also Grameen bank should play more active role to lower the interest rate for poultry sector under their social business program so that rural people can be motivated. – Cost push inflation and demand pull inflation both are presently prevailing in the country. As a result purchasing powers of the people are declining. According to Economic Trends (2011) the annual rate of inflation increased to 9.43 percent at the end of the August 2011 from 7.87 percent at the end of August 2010. – This sector faces the problem of load shedding. Avian Influenza outbreak: A threat for poultry growth – Currently the country has been affected by Avian Influenza and as a resultant factor suffered losses around BDT 700 core taka (as per Breeder’s Association of Bangladesh). This is a huge losses for the producers and they did not get any sort of financial help to mitigate this huge losses – As per FAO report (20 April, 2011), Bangladesh and other five countries India, China, Egypt, Indonesia and Vietnam has been suffering from the H5N1 virus. This is because of ‘firmly entrenched’ due largely to ‘weak producer and service associations’ to support farmers. In aforesaid countries avian flu is still endemic due to poor veterinary and livestock production services retard appropriate revealing and managing of infection. Due to bird flu we can not know export chicken in Nepal and also Middle East countries. As such negative impact has been felt. – In this context, expansion of veterinary services including vaccination is essential. – Need for country’s strategy, long-term planning and its effective implementation to feed the population of the country as well as export in abroad to be added by 2021. Currently eggs and chickens are distributing through middlemen, as a result: – The farmers are not getting actual price. Since the last 6-7 months they are counting huge losses, as the production cost is high and selling price is low. – Therefore the actual producers won’t get any benefit of the high price as they are oppressed by the middle men who suck the profit. – Lack of modern management of poultry farming is also creating negative impact. – Moreover, the end users i.e. customer has to pay higher price. Conclusion and Recommendations Strategic management in poultry sector requires complementing to achieve present Govt.’s vision of Digital Bangladesh 2021. As this sector has immense potentialities, so there are no 11  other alternative but to give more emphasis in the context of cater the demand of the people of the country. Bangladesh should not be a place of foreign country which will use dumping technique to capture the local market. Hunton (2001) observations that exciting times lie ahead for the Bangladesh poultry industry is also observed in the study. Poultry industry of the country should thrive or it may lose its distinct competencies in the sectors like biscuits or detergent powders which has faced serious problem during early nineties. As such protection and special measures are being required to be taken by the present govt. Price of meat of chicken and egg should be stable so that lower income group and middle income group of  people can afford. Country’s persistent poverty may bound the number of people who can afford to consume chicken more than suggested by the simple relationship between per capita GDP and chicken consumption. However, recently present Govt. is trying hard to reduce poverty level and arranging nutrition for the inferior segment of the society in terms of arranging earnings capability. As purchasing power is lower especially for the aforesaid group, employment opportunity will create their redistributionary income effect. However, we should be more cautious to remove bird flu problems for which not only govt. machineries but also local supportive tool are being required. Acceptance of the most recent technology in poultry sector especially to control environment and process of automation are being required. These require to feed, drink, and other managerial and day to day operational activities and to build capacity. This will add creation of value. Efficiency and effectiveness of production should be brought through cost-cutting technique and reducing heavy dependence on high-cost imported raw materials for this sector. Alternative arrangement should be developed domestically for cheap feeding cost as well as air cleaning mechanism. Technical ability requires being careful in cooperation farmer and extension levels. Locally available craftsmen could be trained to produce tiny equipment, like feeders, drinkers, etc. Vaccine, vaccinations programs, and other inputs and programs of the poultry sector should be available for which research and development program may be taken as well as local pharmaceuticals come with developing vaccines and other related medicine to keep poultry sector disinfected. Environment of the farm area must be cleaned to protect them. Arrangement for training through lives stock agencies, NGOs and private agencies are necessary for mutually farmers and labours associated in this sector as well as extension level which may include: sickness manage, accommodation and tools, give food to, inherited step up and promotional activities. Essential information in precise kind of poultry grounding and composition are also vital to recognize the foundation of the exceeding  matter. Accommodation and organization might be enhanced from side to side through arranging suitable farmer guidance, if possible manner to run the farm smoothly. Akter and Uddin (2009) comment is appropriate as this poultry sector has immense potentialities in the economic development provided public-private partnership with join collaboration and be arranged so that nutrition especially meat and eggs can be available for the poorer section at a cheaper rate. If Bird flu can be removed we can be able to export meat and eggs in foreign countries for which special strategy is being required. 12 Considering the importance of the country’s poultry industry in order to ensure the sustainable economic development it is now high time to step forward for the better accumulation of resources available from this industry. This industry can provide various opportunities to increase GDP growth rate plus equitable distribution through arranging food security as well as ensuring self employment and creating purchasing power at a large scale. Islam(2003) observations about the poultry sub-sector is crucially important in the context of agricultural growth and improvement of diets of people in the country which also reveals from our study. Besides this, the developments of poultry industry in Bangladesh surely help the government to mitigate the problems of food crisis of the country. Price of chicken and egg should keep stable and problem of middlemen can be lowered down through arranging effective and efficient supply chain management by the Govt. as well as Private sector through keeping in mind about the customers’ protection and reducing economic disparity and eliminating poverty. Bangladesh Food Security Investment Forum Report (May 2010) should be considered as an important factor to develop the poultry industry of the country and people can get access of protein related food. Recommendations Following recommendations may be considered to sustain the poultry industry of the country: – To mitigate food deficit especially protein related food, the poultry sector needs special attention for which Public and private collaboration is essential. – To fulfill the dream of present Govt.’s Vision 2021, poultry sector can act as an auxiliary force to arranging food at cheaper rate. As such tax exemption can be extended for the period of 2025. – Imposition of tax on import of maize ought to be withdrawn urgently as producers of the poultry sector specially small farmers are facing – Bank loan in the poultry sector should be arranged at a 5-7% simple interest rate per annum considering thrust sector. Conditions of loan providing should be eased. Moreover, Bank should come forward so that new entrepreneurs as well as NRBs can come forward to invest in this sector through opening special window in each bank arranging not only bank loan but also offering special services starting from pure line farms and Hatcheries to Consumers. Banks who won’t be interested to invest in the poultry sector may be penalized by the Bangladesh Bank. This industry also treated under SME sector. – Livestock department should be more effective and efficient. Proper human resource management and staffing as well as extension of the livestock office is required. They should play proactive role. As such livestock institutes at Sylhet and Gaibandhya should be effective and regional research centers should be more active. – To face the global warming problem, this sector should get more priority so that they can be able to cater the demand of the food deficit. – The price of chicken and egg, if fixed, should not for only some months but whole year considering the production cost so that producer deficit not occurs. 13 – Supply chain management should be improved so that the poultry farmers can directly supply to the retail shops and middle men can not suck the profit. – Avian Influenza affected farms should get subsidy immediately after culling. – A special fund may be created by the Govt. to help the actual producers. – Poultry Insurance should be introduced immediately. Insurance companies should come forward with such policies. – Electrify arrangement is required for the poultry farms. The government may come forward to produce bio-electricity or support the poultry farmers to produce it. – Govt. Hatcheries should be reactivated and play due role so that they can supply huge deficit of protein related food. – Transportation costs and facilities for eggs and chicken and chicken related products should be kept minimal so that consumers can purchase at a reasonable price. – Govt. should come forward to deal with the problem of Avian Influenza as FAO reported that Bangladesh is one of the Sixth worst victim nations. To raise export of chicken related products abroad we need to come out from this worst disease. – The role of the farmers are laudable and that could export poultry products to foreign market if a capacity building can be developed and growth of strategic alliance among private sector, govt., Bangladeshi embassies and NRB can be developed. – Poultry industry needs special attention from the Govt. as this sector will not only mitigate huge deficit of protein related food at a cheaper cost but also can create employment of 1 crore people in this sector as projected by this researcher by the year 2021 which will complement present Govt. decisions to create employment. – Government needs prior planning and preparation for bird flu and should arrange appropriate steps so that farmers can maintain bio-security and keep healthy environment inside and outside the farms. – Department of Livestock should come forward to holistic approach for developing the poultry sector. Organogram of Livestock may be restructured and it should be set up office at least union level. Efficient and dynamic personalities should be appointed. They must not fix maximum price of one-day chick and it is unjustified. – To mitigate deficiency of veterinary doctors, four years diploma courses after SSC level may be introduced. Trade courses may also be introduced so that technicians can be available to mitigate immediate shortage of nursing of the poultry industry. – AIT on maize import should be withdrawn and tax imposed on pelleted feed production. – Poultry sector faces problem due to lack of insurances. Insurance companies of the country did not come forward with insurances in the Poultry sector. – Importing live poultry is very much sensitive as it relates not only to financial matters but also to human health. – Therefore, strong measures should be taken so that the guideline of the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) is followed strictly while importing One-day old chick, hen or egg. 14 – Moreover, to import products from outside the country instead of lock chicken and eggs huge amount of valuable foreign exchange will be spent. As such subsidy should be given to the local industry and protect safeguard to the local entrepreneurs of the poultry industry. Vaccine, vaccinations services, alternative to vaccine services, antibiotic feed additives and other inputs and services of the poultry sector should be developed locally. 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Ministry of Commerce, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh:http://www.mincom.gov.bd/images/additional_images/NDC- %20Export%20Strategy-22- 5-08-final.ppt (July 18, 2008) Akter,Afia and Uddin,Salah(2009).†Bangladesh Poultry Industry†, Journal of Business and technology (Dhaka),Vol.4,No.2,July-December,pp.97-112. Akter, S., and Farrington, J. (2008). Poverty Transition through Targeted Programme: The Case of Bangladesh Poultry Model. Paper presented at the 82nd Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society. Royal Agricultural College. UK. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/36765/2/Akter_farrington.pdf (July 8, 2008). Alam, J. (1997). Impact of smallholder livestock development project in some selected areas of rural Bangladesh. Livestock Research for Rural Development, vol. 9, no. 3: http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd9/3/bang932.htm (June 20, 2008). Alam, J. (2008). Studies on Agriculture and Rural Development. Palok Publishers, Bangladesh. Alam, J., Akteruzzaman, Md., Rahman, S.M.A and Palash, Md. S. (2008). Impact of Recent Outbreak of Avian Influenza on Production, Marketing and Consumption of Poultry Meat and Eggs in Bangladesh. Final Draft. Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute and Bangladesh Agricultural University. Banerjee,G.C.(2004).Poultry ,Oxford & ONH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,3rd Edition Begum, I. A. (2005). An Assessment of Vertically Integrated Contract Poultry Farming: A Case Study in Bangladesh. International Journal of Poultry Science, vol. 4 (3): 167-176: http://www.pjbs.org/ijps/fin332.pdf (July 2, 2008). Bessei, W. (1990). Lessons from field experience on the development of poultry production. In: S. Mack (ed.) (1990) Strategies for sustainable animal agriculture in developing countries. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper no. 107: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/t0582e/T0582E25.htm (July 10, 2008). Bhuiyan, A.K.F.H., Bhuiyan, M.S.A. and Deb, G.K. (2005). Indigenous Chicken Genetic Resources in Bangladesh: Current Status and Future Outlook. In: S. Galan and J. 15 Boyazoglu (eds.) Animal Genetic Resources Information, issue no. 35, FAO: http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0070t/a0070t0c.htm (July 9, 2008). Biswas, P.K., Uddin, G.M.N., Barua, H., Roy, D., Ahad, A. and Debnath, N.C. (2008). Survivability and causes of loss of broody-hen chicks on smallholder households in Bangladesh. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, vol. 83, pp. 260-271. Chowdhury,S.D.(2011),† Destabilization in the Poultry Industry: Ways to overcome the problem†, paper presented in the Seminar on â€Å"Great Crisis in Poultry industry and ways to overcome the problem† jointly organized by Bangladesh Poultry Industry co-ordination committee and Monthly Khama Bichitra at National Press club on 29th December. Dolberg, F., Mallorie, E. and Brett, N. (2002). Evolution of the Poultry Model – a Pathway out of Poverty. Paper presented at the workshop â€Å"People Fight Poverty with Poultry. Learning from the Bangladesh Experience: http://www.ifad.org/english/operations/pi/bgd/documents/poultry.pdf (July 9, 2008). Du, H. (2008). Bangladesh Economy: Opportunities and Challenges. Speech, June 17, 2008 to the American Chamber of Commerce: http://www.adb.org/Documents/Speeches/2008/sp2008031.asp (July 17, 2008). Economic Trends(2011).Bangladesh Bank, September,Vol.XXXVI,No.9 Ershad, S.M.E. (2005). Performance of Hybrid Layers and Native Hens under Farmers’ Management in a Selected Area of Bangladesh. International Journal of Poultry Science, vol. 4. No. 4: 228-232: http://www.pjbs.org/ijps/fin349.pdf (July 8, 2008). Financial Express, Bangladesh(2010).23 rd July Gopalkrishnan,C.A.and Mohanlal ,G Morley(1994).Livestock and Poultry Enterprises for Rural development, Vikas Publishing house Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India. Hartung, J. (2008). Risks caused by bio-aerosols in poultry houses. Paper presented to the International Conference: â€Å"Poultry in the 21st Century – Avian Influenza and Beyond†. FAO, Bangkok, November 5-7, 2007.Helmrich, H. (1983) Tierhaltung in Bangladesh Empirische untersuchungen uber bedingungen, funktionen und entwicklungsmocglichkeiten. The Institute for Rural Development Georg-August- University, Gottingen, Fed. Rep. of Germany. http://www.farmingnewsdaily.co.uk/news/220811/cleaning_up_drugs_in_farming_.aspx http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/943/antibiotic-feed-additives-politics-and-science http://www.thepoultrysite.com/poultrynews/24379/four-hpai-outbreaks-in-dhaka-andkhulna http://www.wattagnet.com/Bangladesh_poultry_industry_loses_1_million_jobs_due_to_bir d_flu_outbreaks.html

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Audit Program Design Part Iii

Inventory and Warehousing Cycle The audit of the inventory and warehousing cycle is designed to test inventory counts, processes, and operations. The classes of transactions in this cycle include sales, value of inventory, cost of goods sold, sales returns and allowances, and estimates of allowance for slow moving inventory. Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of TransactionsTable WK6-1 displays the interrelationships of the transaction related to audit objectives, tests of controls, and substantive tests of transactions that should be approved during the audit process of Apollo Shoes, Inc. Table WK6-1. Inventory Warehousing Cycle Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Audit Design (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006) Inventory – Apollo Shoes, Inc.Transaction-Related Audit Objectives – Tests of Controls – Substantive Tests of Transactions| Transaction-Related Audit Objective| Tests of Controls| Substantive Tests of Transactions| Inventory as r ecorded on tags exists (existence). | * Select a random sample of tag numbers and identify the tag with that number attached to the actual inventory. | * Observe whether movement of inventory takes place during the count. | Existing inventory is counted and tagged, and tags are accounted for to make sure none are missing (completeness). * Examine inventory to make sure it is tagged. | * Observe whether movement of inventory takes place during the count. * Inquire as to inventory in other locations. | Inventory is counted accurately (accuracy). | * Recount client’s counts to make sure the recorded counts are accurate on the tags (also check descriptions and unit of count, such as dozen or gross). * Compare physical counts with perpetual inventory master file. | * Record client’s counts for subsequent testing. Inventory is classified correctly on the tags (classification). |* Examine inventory descriptions on the tags and compare with the actual inventory for raw materia l, work-in-process, and finished goods. | * Evaluate whether the percent of completion recorded on the tags for work-in-process is reasonable. | Information is obtained to make sure sales and inventory purchases are recorded in the proper period (cutoff). | * Record in the audit files for subsequent follow-up the last receiving report number used at year-end. * Make sure the inventory for the above item was included in the physical count. | The client has rights to inventory recorded on tags (rights). | * Inquire about consignment or customer inventory included on client’s premises. | * Be alert for inventory that is set aside or specially marked as indications of non-ownership. | Analytical Procedures Analytical procedures can be performed several times during an engagement: * In the planning phase to assist in determining the nature, extent, and timing of work to be performed. During the testing phase of the audit in conjunction with the audit procedures, and * During the c ompletion phase of the audit as a final review for material misstatements for financial problems and to help the auditor take a final â€Å"objective look† at the financial statements that have been audited (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006, p. 208). Arens, Elder, and Beasley (2006) explain that one of the most important analytical procedures for uncovering misstatements of the Inventory and Warehousing Cycle are comparing current with prior year.Analytical procedures for the balance sheet and income statement accounts in the Inventory and Warehousing Cycle are presented in Table WK6-2. Table WK6-2. Inventory and Warehousing Cycle Analytical Procedures (Arens, Elder & Beasley, 2006) Cash Cycle The following tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for the Cash Cycle discussed by Arens, Elder, and Beasley (2006) are designed to ensure existence, completeness, accuracy, classification, timing, and summarization.Table WK6-3 illustrates the design of test of c ontrols and substantive tests of Cash Cycle. Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Cash – Apollo Shoes, Inc. Transaction-Related Audit Objectives – Tests of Controls – Substantive Tests of Transactions| Transaction-Related Audit Objective| Tests of Controls| Substantive Tests of Transactions| Cash in the bank as stated on the reconciliation exists (existence)| * Receipt and tests of a bank confirmation. | * Proof account exists and balances are accurate. Existing cash in the bank is recorded (completeness). | * Receipt and tests of a cutoff bank statement. | * Tests of the bank reconciliation| Cash in the bank as stated on the reconciliation is accurate (accuracy). | * Tests of the bank reconciliation. * Extended tests of the bank reconciliation. | * Tests for kiting. * Proof of cash. | Cash in the bank is properly presented and disclosed (presentation and disclosure). |* Examine minutes, loan agreements, and obtain confirmation for restriction s on the use of cash and compensating balances. * Review financial statements to make sure (a) material savings accounts and certificates of deposit are disclosed separately from cash in the bank,(b) cash restricted to certain uses and compensating balances are adequately disclosed, and (c) bank overdrafts are included as current liabilities. | Cash receipts and cash disbursements transactions are recorded in the proper period (cutoff). | * Cash receipts:Count the cash on hand on the last day of the year and subsequently trace to deposits in transit and the cash receipts journal. Cash disbursements:Record the last check number used on the last day of the year and subsequently trace to the outstanding checks and the cash disbursements journal| * Trace deposits in transit to subsequent period bank statement (cutoff bank statement). * Trace outstanding checks to subsequent period bank statement. | Table WK6-3. Cash Cycle Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Audit Des ign (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006) Analytical Procedures Analytical procedures for the balance sheet and income statement accounts in the Cash Cycle are presented in Table WK6-4.Table WK6-4 Cash Cycle Analytical Procedures (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, 2006) References Arens, A. A. , Elder, R. J. , & Beasley, M. S. (2006). Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach (11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Louwers, T. J. , & Reynolds, J. K. (2007). Apollo shoes, inc. : An audit case to accompany auditing and assurance services. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved from University of Phoenix,  ACC546 – Auditing website.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

A Relativistic View of The Ballad of Narayama

First Position Utilitarianism, a branch of moral realism, is a doctrine that attempts to explain the abstract idea of morality. Consequentialism, a broader basis of utilitarianism, defines an action as being right or wrong by saying that the right act in any moral dilemma is that which leads to the greatest good for the greatest number of people. It focuses in on the consequence of an action and declares that this result is the true basis for judgment about the morality of a decision.Utilitarianism takes these ideas a step urther and defines the quality of the consequence of an action as its â€Å"utility'. The only way to fundamentally ensure that our actions are good is to prove that the results of the chosen action were really better than the results of the other possible choice. (2) Second Position Moral relativism is a philosophy that defines morality in a way that directly depends on the individual or group of people involved. One prominent division within moral relativism is the meta-ethical position.The basic proposition behind this argument is that moral Judgment cannot be universalized and in this way morality is relative to he parties involved. This permits any culture to practice anything they see as right, and this belief within the culture makes it the right thing to do. In the mindset of a meta-ethical relativist, we must reserve our Judgment if we see people committing what we feel are morally wrong actions and understand that they may be doing the right thing in the context of their culture. (3) Major Objection A moral relativist would see many flaws in the ideology of utilitarianism.One major objection is that utilitarianism is too intense of a doctrine as it suggests there is always a way to act that would benefit more people. There is inherently too much pressure put on humankind if utilitarianism were to be followed because it requires us to constantly act like â€Å"moral heroes,† claiming anything less would make us bad people. Du e to the fact that there could be a greater good in every decision we make, we would barely be able to live our own lives, develop our own relationships with family and friends, and make our own decisions if we strictly adhered to the doctrine of utilitarianism.This flaw of utilitarianism is exposed in The Ballad of Narayama because the action of killing the elderly when they reach 70 would be deemed orally wrong and incorrect. However, the moral relativist realizes that this contradicts the societal tradition and is therefore the right thing to do. To the naive eye of the utilitarian, killing the elderly immediately seems like a morally corrupt tradition that could never be acceptable. However, the moral relativist understands this practice in the context of the Japanese village and renders it acceptable.Keeping Orin alive would be morally wrong to the relativist because it takes the pressure off of Kesakichi and even Tatsuhei to develop as men of the household. They still have Ori n providing food and working for them and as a result Kesakichi remains naive and immature. The young people in the Japanese village need develop on their own, and so the tradition of the village should be honored regardless of specific cases, like that ot Orin. In ad dition, the elderly Just become another mouth to t cases in the impoverished village. 4) First Rebuttal in most The utilitarian would answer this objection by saying that it would not be for the best to take Orin and all the 70-year-old citizens to the top of Narayama. They would argue that societal tradition should not be followed in this case and it is morally ncorrect to leave the elderly to die in this way. Even if they are a burden to society, the greatest good for the greatest number of people comes when they are kept alive. Our deepest inclinations also seem to tell us that killing any person who lives to be 70 is morally wrong.If they were allowed to live, family units would become stronger, wisdom would be pas sed through the generations, and the elderly could find new ways to contribute to society regardless of their age. Additionally, the utilitarian would disagree with the idea of hoarding food while others go hungry, as they do in the Japanese village. The morally correct action that would lead to the greatest good for the greatest number of people would be to share food and services, never placing your own familys needs above the needs of the society as a whole.To the utilitarian, any acts that can be conceived as selfish are morally wrong and every decision should be made with the community in mind. (4) Second Rebuttal The meta-ethical relativist would respond to this rebuttal by sticking to their convictions and arguing that in the context of this Japanese village, it is best to follow tradition and take the elderly to the top of Narayama. The utilitarian lacks the foresight into the future of the society and naively acts with only immediate benefits in mind; â€Å"To suppose that life has no higher end than pleasure† is â€Å"a doctrine worthy of swine† (RR 600).Although the immediate affects of leaving the elderly atop the mountain to die peacefully may not provide the greatest good for the greatest amount of people, in the long run it pays off and does, in fact, result in the greatest good for society. As for the claim that it is morally wrong if you place your familys need at a higher priority, the meta-ethical relativist would say that this type of elfishness drives society. The providers for a family want to supply as much as they can to their children and this motivates them to work harder.Although the utilitarian would think that it would be best if the Japanese villagers openly shared their food, the moral relativist would understand how the society functions and disagree. If an individual donated any excess they had to the society as a whole, the motivation of individuals within the society would disappear and the Japanese village woul d no longer function properly. The lives of the villagers depend on their planning for the future and hard work in the farms.The competition between workers and the desire to provide for their families is the reason this Japanese village has survived for generations. If a villager knew that any extra work he did or any extra food he grew would be taken away from him, then the villager would not work as hard and would not be as worried about securing his own crops and farming his own land. The moral relativist understands this as the basis for the tradition in the village, as killing the elderly puts responsibility on the other members of society to produce while reducing the number of mouths they have to feed.This tradition should be upheld because it allows for them to make their own decisions and look out for their families. The moral relativist position realizes that the action of killing the elderly once they reach age 70 is morally permissible in the Japanese society depicted i n The Ballad of Narayama. This moral Judgment is not universal, as in most societies this action would be deemed morally incorrect and unacceptable. However, given the economic situation of the village along with the dependence on manual labor, the tradition should be upheld as it is morally best for the society at hand.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Cellular Respiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cellular Respiration - Essay Example ATP is called as a "Universal energy currency" since all the energy transactions of the cell use this molecule. In terms of efficiency, aerobic respiration is more efficient than the anaerobic respiration which yields only two molecules of ATP. Both these modes of respiration share the initial Glycolysis step, which occurs in cytoplasm. After, the glycolysis, other reactions of the aerobic respiration, Krebs (Citric acid cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria. Of the four different isozymes, type IV enzyme is not amenable to feedback inhibitory mechanism and is specific to liver and pancreas. During elevated levels of blood glucose, excess amount of Glucose-6-phosphate is made for conversion to glycogen for future use in liver (Table 1). 2. The second reaction of this cascade is catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase leading to interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate during glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (Table 1). 3. Third step in the glycolysis in another priming reaction leading to the addition of another phosphate group by an enzyme called phosphofructokinase 1. This is a unidirectional reaction committing the cells to glycolysis. A phosphatase called fructose bisphosphatase is required for the reverse reaction. A balance of enzymatic activities of phosphofructokinase and fructose bisphosphatase determines whether the reaction proceeds towards glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. This reaction is activated by AMP and also fructose 2,6-bisphosphate which is a product of the reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase 2. These enzymes are downregulated by glucagon at the transcriptional level. Fructose bisphosphatase is inhibited by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate (Table 1). 4. The fourth step in the process of glycolysis is the reversible cleavage of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to form two different triose phosphates, both of which continue through glycolysis, by an enzyme termed aldolase. The different isozymes of aldolase have different catalytic functions: aldolases A and C are mainly involved in glycolysis, while aldolase B

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Gender differences and oral health behavior Research Paper

Gender differences and oral health behavior - Research Paper Example With increasing research indicating that one’s periodontal health may be related to overall health, never has it been more important to ensure the health of your teeth and gums. You cannot be healthy unless you are periodontally healthy† (Clem cited in perio.org, 2012). However, there is sufficient research to demonstrate a difference in the behaviors and attitudes of men and women towards dental hygiene and care, with the former generally considered to be not quite as particular about maintaining dental hygiene and care as the latter. A vast majority of the research works conducted so far have found a greater tendency in the girls to take care of their dental hygiene and adopt positive attitudes and behaviors towards dental care as compared to boys while studies many studies conducted upon older men and women have found similar trends of dental care and behaviors and attitudes towards it. This suggests that age might be an important depicter of the behavior and attitude an individual adopts for the dental hygiene and care. This imparts the need to study the correlation between age, gender, and attitudes and behaviors towards dental hygiene and care. Identification of gender differences and oral health behavior of adults is fundamental to the development of ways in which both men and women can be convinced to change their behaviors towards the dental hygiene for the better. This research will provide a more holistic view of the attitudes and behaviors of females and males towards the dental hygiene and care as the research will be conducted upon adult men and women. Results of this research will contribute towards the knowledge of effect of both age and gender upon an individual’s tendency to adopt positive attitude and behavior towards the dental hygiene and care. Fukai, Takaesu, and Maki (1999) studied the link between general health habits and oral health behavior in both men and women and found a direct

Picassos Three Musicians Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Picassos Three Musicians - Research Paper Example The essay "Picasso’s Three Musicians" gives a review on "Three Musicians", painting of Pablo Picasso. Picasso’s painting â€Å"Three Musicians† offers the viewer greater visual cues as to the intended subject than some of his other work. It was used to portray Picasso’s understanding of the realism of his subject by exploring the result of reflections of the artist’s pure emotion as it became associated with the subject’s elemental or primitive shapes and forms. In the early years of the 20th century, the industrial age led to the perfection of the photograph, which reduced the prestige of hand-made art as the primary means of image capture. In reaction to the idea that art offered no greater means of expression than the simple representation of the external world that was much more economically and efficiently captured by the camera, artists such as Pablo Picasso launched into abstraction. They developed the ideas of abstraction as a means o f representing the concept that there remained an element in the world that defied definition and could not be achieved by the photograph. This element was a concept they referred to as the sublime – an idea that remained just out of reach of definition and therefore could only be suggested, never represented. This element has also been referred to as the meaning of an image as opposed to its form. It was the conveyance of this meaning that these artists were trying to suggest was the result of the audience’s understandings of the artist’s conception.

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Stigma and acceptance of disabled people in the workplace in Trinidad Essay

Stigma and acceptance of disabled people in the workplace in Trinidad and Tobago - Essay Example I'll formulate such research questions which help me to lead exploring the reality of the problem and if so, to analyze the measurements taken by the authorities against this issue. The questions will be, Since it is highly necessary to gather accurate information for giving an ample scope to my research problem, I'll have to collect the data from secondary sources like the periodicals, Journals, publications etc. which enumerate accurate information and I will choose best of them. Further it will help me to assess the magnitude of the research problem in hand. By resorting to all these data I will formulate answer to the potential question of the reason of disabled persons in hidden population. I consider the publications of various government autonomous bodies like population and census reports on disabled persons in Trinidad and Tobago, US commission report on UN Convention on the Human Rights of People with disabilities 1. which are the best sources to collect more data related to this hypothesis. And it will help me to analyze the statistical data to implement the main hypothesis.***************************** Chapter 2

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

The Concepts And Effectiveness Of The Supply Chain Management Essay

The Concepts And Effectiveness Of The Supply Chain Management - Essay Example M as a form of management that covers all transportation and storage of raw material, refined goods, and inventory in the process from points of departure or origin up to the points of need (consumption). The track of transported goods from the point of origin up to the point of consumption constitutes what has been termed as the supply chain in business management and logistics science. Further perspectives on SCM stem from the view of the discipline as pertaining to the entirety of the aspects planning and overseeing of all activities entailed in procuring, conversion and management of all the logistical activity. Also crucial to this view is the inclusion of aspects coordination and alliance within the network players which may be the suppliers, the middlemen, and even third-party services render as well as clients. Contemporary SCM is undergoing significant transformation and modification under the influence of various sweeping phenomena in the forms of globalization and technological leaps. Scholars around the discipline are factoring in the importance of various dynamics that have been largely less considered in the earlier conceptualization of SCM. The SCM discipline has had remarkable contributions from the works of Coyle, Langley, and Gibson among others. Although the scholars s have brought the supply chain element to t fore of the contemporary concepts on SCM, the scholars have underscored the role the information is playing and will continue to play in contemporary and future SCM networks. Coyle, Langley, Gibson, Novack, Bardi (2008), contend that, â€Å"A supply chain perspective germane for appropriate deciphering and application of the feasible SCM tenets will tap in the essence and merits of information technology as well as the rate of change and a closer recognition of logistics with all its associative dimensions† The Supply chain industry is one of the thriving industries in Australia.

Monday, September 23, 2019

Entrepreneurship and small business management Essay - 1

Entrepreneurship and small business management - Essay Example (businessdictionary.com 2013). I believe that acquiring a franchise is better than starting your own business because you benefit greatly from using the name of the franchiser to sell your products and in the end profit in a great way because of it. For example, KFC is a renowned international fast food joint. Its franchiser here gets to profit more than his competitors do simply because there is that standard that KFC has in the global world and it has kept in all franchises in the world. This standard gives an assurance to the locals or visitors that it’s the same quality of food sold there (Shepherd, 2009). Question 2 Metal supermarkets have been in business since 1985. Since then, it has grown in numbers due to its franchising family. Metal supermarkets have taken the franchises under their wings by providing support in establishing their business model and system in a suitable area. It also provides leadership as well as guidance of its system in an effort to maintain a s tanding position in terms of leadership across all franchises. Customer service is a key factor in Metal supermarkets and they ensure that, it is the key factor in all its franchise partners (Hodgetts, 2008) . They ensure this by giving them customer care training. In a bid to keep a progressive growth in its franchise business, Metal supermarkets ensures that they give grants to the most qualified candidates who meet the level that they have set for all franchises. Metal supermarket training is compulsory for new franchise and it is held in its corporate head office in Toronto. The training includes a 5-day classroom class, where they are taught about the operation of the business, the products, and how the system works. From there, they go to a 5-day in-branch training in Toronto, where they learn and build their confidence. 10-day job training is also provided when the franchisee’s Metal supermarket is opened ( Shepherd, 2009). The effort made by Metal supermarkets to its franchisee helps them in being successful. It has helped some who have not any prior knowledge of how to work with metals to be profitable in the end with some of them making more than a million a year. It also has given a good option to people who wanted to start their own metal supermarkets to join their franchise and in this way, the franchisee is assisted in starting up as well as given the necessary assistance in preventing basic mistakes, which most new business people go through . In the end, most of the franchisee makes a good amount of money unlike when they would have opened their own business because people trust the products that are sold by Metal supermarkets therefore customers trust the products being sold by the franchisee’s supermarket (Hodgetts, 2008). Question 3 Ian Parsons, a franchise owner of Metal supermarkets, West Bromwich, bought the franchise from its previous owner, who was retiring from the business. Ian parson thought of buying the franchise afte r weighing between looking for another job or buying the franchise. This is actually the main reason for him to buy the franchise. He used his savings and some cash from his property re-mortgage to buy the supermarket. The transition was smooth because he had worked in the franchise for 8 years and well conversant with the operation of the supermarket. He however had problems with accounting but the previous owner was able to assist him. He later went to Metal supermarkets’

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Cooking at Home and Eating in a Restaurant Essay Example for Free

Cooking at Home and Eating in a Restaurant Essay Modern life becomes more and more comfortable, but we are busier and busier with our job, with our business. We don’t have time to prepare and cook meals at home. Someone prefers to eat fast- food or eat food in a restaurant, but some one still prefer to eat at home. Eating out or eating at home has also advantages and disadvantages, so which one is better? Cooking at home is similar to eating in a restaurant in many ways. Despite of cooking at home or eating out, we have to pay money for our food or spend our time to cook or to go to the restaurant to eat. For example, instead of spending your time to cook, you have to drive to go to the restaurant or sometimes you waste of time to looking for the parking. We also can taste the dishes we like even though we eat at home or at a restaurant. That is a period of time which your family enjoy eating after a long day with hard worked. With your family’s meal, everybody can talk together, tell some funny stories, or share their jobs. However, there are several differences between eating at home and eating out. Home-cooked meals are always healthy. The food at the restaurant may contain high in fat, high calories and other ingredients which are very harmful for the health. If you cook food at home, you have more control over the ingredients, and you can select the ingredients that you like. Furthermore, eating at home saves you so much money compared to eating in restaurants. Eating out are usually more expensive than cooking at home. In restaurants, they often serve big plates of food. They are too much more food than you need to eat at one meal and the money you spend can add up. For instance, with the money for a meal in a restaurant, you can buy food for the whole week for home-cooking. You can shop at cheapest markets, and look for sale items. Eating in a restaurant is also advantage way. Many people are very busy with their jobs outside the house, so they dont always have time to cook. They like the convenience of eating out. For many reasons such as some one is not very good at cooking, or they like international cuisines or different meals, eating out is the best thing. Cooking at home has a disadvantage that is cooking at home also requires your time. You spend your time to prepare everything like you choose and buy ingredients for cooking your meals. After that, you have to wash dishes and clean up the kitchen. However, eating at home is one of the best ways to enhance the relationship inside your family. Life is busier and people dont have much time to share their time together, even though they are in a family. Eating at home is all members of your family sit around the table and enjoy the dishes that your mother and you prepared and cooked. In your family, when all you prepare and cook meals at home together, you feel warmer and happier. Eating at home and eating in a restaurant are different in many ways, but they have several things in common. It is difficult for us to prefer to. Both eating at restaurants and cooking at home can be satisfying. Both of them can taste good and be enjoyed with your family and friends. I prefer cooking at home because of the money and health issues, but people will make the choice that fits their lifestyle best.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Assessment Of The German Political System Politics Essay

Assessment Of The German Political System Politics Essay Germanys current form of government democratic federal republic parliamentary system. Federal republic of Germany originated in 1945 but was not the government for all of Germany till it was united in 1990. It comprises of 16 states after the merger of the West and the East government of Germany following constitution GRUNDGESETZ of the West Germany. The president is a only a position to nominate the Chancellor who is the head of the government. In turn the chancellor recommends or dismiss members of the federal cabinet who help him in the governing of the country. The country is divided into sixteen states who are represented by Bundesrat occupying an total number of sixty-nine seats. All constitutional initiatives must first be sent to bundesrat and must pass by 2/3rd votes. The Bundestag is the federal assembly which is directly elected by the citizens which consists of 614 seats. The legal body is the Federal constitutional court which makes the supreme court decisions. Germany political influence over foreign business: Germany while giving a strong global boast to numerous international businesses faces many challenges of overcoming its post-writschaftwunder state and also struggling with high tax rates and unemployment. After the world war the government forced companies to invest in one and other which led to companies too compile a long time planning yielding low profits. Late in 2002 Germanys parliament ended the capital gain and cross holding giving freedom to companies to invest freely. Ever since the countrys growth has been significant to a position of business leader. Germany political risk and expropriation: Germany has stable government with minimum political risk for international business, the corruption level in the country is very low. The policies of the government provide little risk to business expropriation. The judicial system upholds the law and is fair with the foreign business. There seizer of assets and property by the government has not to be feared without a compensation or post-uninfected. Although eminent laws do exist specifically article 14 paragraph 3 of German law which discusses basic rights of property which apply to both individuals and businesses. The law states that expropriation shall only be permissible for the public good and it may only be ordered by or pursuant to a law that determined by establishing an equitable balance between the public interest and the interests of those affected. German laws provide property protection laws and by the European union. The European union treaty allows violation of the laws can be brought to European court of justice. Even though the country has booming business overall its economy is suffering. The main reason being that the small and medium industries are not prospering its people are more of a saver than spending which is the main reason hurting the economy. Later in 2003 France and Germany supported the USA in the campaign against Iraq hoping it would boost the economy. This strategy was based upon the theory of Broken Window fallacy by Henry Hazlitts Economy but it failed. Over all the war brought down the economy. Germany has always been a proud country not allowing other countries to boss them or interfere in their politics after their loss in the world war II they renewed their ideas and moved to a more political and business module allowing them to gain status in trade control and even government sanctioned control over businesses. Assessing the German politics Germany does have companies and business it protects but on the whole it is safe environment for international business and investment. Leading the economy in the European union its political system is open to international business and investors. As in all Germany has low political risk. Germanys legal system Germanys legal structure: Germanys legal structure starts with the constitution known as the basic law which holds two major function it insures the rights of the individuals as well as establishes the bodies of government for the land. The traditional system Germany follows is know as the civil law system, there no precedent set by the judicial rule. The civil law follows a system of codes which consists of five civil, civil procedure, commercial, and criminal procedure these code are further divided into five books which includes the general part, obligations, properties, family, and inheritance. The judicial system has to also obey the laws set up by the European union as it is part of the organization. The courts are divided into three category the ordinary courts, the specialized courts, and the constitutional court the highest court in each category is called federal court. The federal court of justice also know as Bundesgerichtshf is the last court of appeal for a review. The federal constitutional co urt also know as bundesverfassungsgericht only hears matters dealing with constitutional rights. The constitutional court is divided into two divisions dealing with two different halves of the constitution. German laws: German tax law is a very complicated and constantly changing and but Germany has many tax deduction laws which help but it only depends on the companies tax advisors knowledge and loyalty. The tax includes social insurance, a wage tax and a solidarity tax. Ten percent of the writing on taxation is on Germany tax laws. The social tax is equivalent to twenty one percent of the total taxable income which pays for the healthcare and social services. The employer must pay the social tax that matches the amount the employee pays to the government as well. The wage tax is based on the income the personal and it is divided into three ranges. The deduction on these taxes vary and complicated and it mainly helps the rich who are able to meet the requirement. Which is why the government is criticized for its taxation law. Germany has a strong employee biased law and is called Employee protection law. The act requires the employees to be given safe and healthy work environment, limited physical labor. Expecting and nursing mothers are protected by the maternity protection act, and provides fully paid material leave before the due date. The government has strict laws against child labor, those under 15 and older attending full time schooling are prohibited from employment. The hours of work act has a strict requirement of safety and health protection and the average time they are allowed to work a day. But there are no laws on minimum wages instead it is written in the contract. All the employees should be treated equally and discrimination on the basses of sex, cast, religion and color are prohibited by law. Laws on the termination are extensive, there should be a minimum of six to seven months notice before termination. Germany being a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development an organization made up of thirty countries resolving economic, environment and social issues. These countries are striving for a free market economy to bring up the living standards, financial stability, employment and other needs. And in 1997 these countries signed a convention, introducing a law in there judicial system The Act of Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Official in International Business in September of 1998 but it came in action in February 1999. Ever since bribery of foreign public official became a criminal offence before which only domestic bribery was considered an offence. Hence companies who deducted bribes on taxes were cracked down and where punishable by law. Germany has one of the strict laws on market restriction especially when it comes soliciting activities such as telemarketing which can only be carried out if the companies have prior consent. In general German legal system is stable and safe for international businesses to transpire without fear. And it also protect human rights to the fullest and gives freedom to invest globally. Germanys Economic market Germanys economy: During the second world war Germanys inflation ran uncontrolled due to Hitler imposing price controls which lead to an inflation in the economy with some sectors of the economy failing. After the war the country suffered a full economical crisis with the prices of goods frozen and the excess of printed money for the war there was sever shortage of good with food being the most. The economy was reduced to a bartering system. To ascertain there was no threat to the country the government substantially weakened the industrial power which included the shutting down the building of planes, ships and ammunitions which where the driving force of German economy before the war started. The Marshall plan helped Germany in monetary and psychology support however the monetary support of dollar was not enough and with currency Reichsmark worthless, the grate economic miracle or Wirtchafswunder was mainly due to the reform in currency. Many economists in the country addressed the reform in the currency and in 1948 they introduced the Deutsche Mark and along with it they reduced taxes and lifted the price controls. With these reforms Germany in several years had rebuilt its economy and had advanced to become the third largest economy in the world. Even with all this Germany miraculous period it has many natural reasons in deceleration of the economy the main reason being the countries service sector of industries was not as good as the manufacturing sector which overall lowers the competitiveness in the global market. And second being the slow accumulation of capital as the country has reached its peak in production, the third factor being the drop in job market due to the shock and the increase in the oil prices. Due these factors reforms are being made in the laws and the constant growth in the GDP and world demand of German goods remaining firm reforms are to be made to keep the countries output growth. The country has experienced a stage where unemployment had reached a record high due to poor economy and harsh winters causing construction and production to stand still. Each country has an way to calculate there unemployment Germany follows the European foundation for the improvement of living and working condition accordi ng to it the number of people registered as unemployed as a percentage of the total number of people in employment and seeing employment. But presently due to the strong global economy and other factors the unemployment has reduced. Germanys travel and tourism has grown significantly in recent years due to the low prices of visiting and staying in Germany it has become one of the most visited sites in Europe. As of 2003 Germanys service industry has brought 7% of the total GDP. Majority of the tourist are from the US, united kingdom, Switzerland, Belgium, France, and Italy. The German automobile industry has been one of its pride industries. The industry is one of the highest employers of the population. However the automobile industry being the highest income it is considered the lowest environmental friendly as Germany has done little in the development of eco-friendly vehicles. Germany is a promising country for private investors since the reforms in the government which diversified portfolios, tax reforms, maximizing shareholder value and other political changes. The credit system in Germany has similar operations as US and other countries. The banking system in Germany is one of the biggest in the world since the formation of the European union it follows the rules and regulation of the European central bank. From 2001 Germany has replaced its Deuteche mark to Euro. Germanys Social-Culture When someone travels to a new environment even if they do not know their language their body language speaks at lot for them. So it is essential to know the opposite parties culture before you make a mistake. Like some body language in your culture may mean good but in others it may mean bad like how you greet, or how you sit, or how you wave these all have different meaning in different languages. In some countries their culture and their speaking include a lot of hand signals during such time you should be very careful. For example a wave in Germany during a business meeting is not accepted as good while it may mean differently to you, or if it is a birthday a person should not wish him before the date as it is considered bad in Germany. Such small differences may hinder or cause difficulties in your business on the long rum. Even though Germany has reformed its ideas to permit its business culture but their rigid formal and to the point business styles is still the same as the old ways of the national socialism beliefs. Germany has a very unique business culture which they follow even with their wide globalization. Due to these cultures it is a fact that products of a German production under a German manager is said to have a high quality. There companies and managers use quality and responsiveness and dedication to maintain and produce quality goods. All of these are possible because they are good planners and their workers proceed according to the agenda planed for them. Germany has one of the best health care systems in the world and are fare to all its citizens. There insurance options include three government, private and a combination of both and majority being covered by the government. Each of the insurance in available to citizens on the amount of earnings per annum. German is the official language of Germany and Austria, the Hoch Deutsch is the formal German spoken and taught. The language has similarities to English and Dutch languages. Germany since long has had a major problem of racism, the racial violence is one of the major factor in attacks on individuals since the time of Adolf Hitler who was a against Jews but now it ahs taken a new form racism against color and creed . Germanys Technology Germany is one of the most advanced country in the world in technology. Germany has a law called The German Digital Signature Law to enforce high security technical standards. Siemens home and office and the Polyapply are Germanys leading communication devices. these help companies to increase engineering productivity and to meet the world demands. Polymer electronics which are the application of ambient intelligence same as Rf communications have come a long way. Every country may have technology but the cost of for such high technology cannot be owned all countries but Germany has all these and that is why its one of the worlds leading in technology. Even the health care system is to advanced that some are not found in most parts of the world. Conclusion After considering all the factors of the country Germany is one of the best countries in the world for international business. Having a stable political system, the third best economy with strict laws giving equal justice cultural freedom and on of the best technology. Germany having a central geographical position and part of the European market it is considered a center for international businesses. The country is the world leader in exporting goods. The main factor for Germanys success in the global market is its government who have supported in the development, research and studies in various fields of the market. Currently one of Germanys critical international business involves European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company which is a merger of European union aeronautical companies.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Regional Economic Integration

Regional Economic Integration Regional economic integration becomes a new trend in the world of trading nowadays; there are many World Regions and Trade Organizations such as APEC, EU, NAFTA and ASEAN (Trade, 2010). In this essay, the objective is comparing the European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which are known as two top regional economic integrations in the world. Before comparing and contrasting these two regional trade associations, this essay will firstly consider giving some background knowledge of EU and NAFTA. It will then go on with comparing the level of regional economic integration with free trade area, custom union, common market, economic union and political union between EU and NAFTA. Making the comparison between the impact of integration in EU and NAFTA will be stated as the third section in this essay. At the end, this essay will give a conclusion in order to summarize the key point in the main body. EU, whose forerunner was the European Economic Community (EEC) that was founded in 1958 and changed its name into EU in 1993, followed the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty (European Union, n.d). The EU includes 27 European countries today, as an economic and political partnership between these countries. In addition, according to Actrav (n.d), the objective of the EU is calling to eliminate the internal trade barriers and create a common external tariff in order to strengthen the economic and social harmonious development and establish finally unified monetary economic monetary union (EMU), promote economic and social between member countries. Moreover, EU can develop the free moverment of goods, services, capital and people. Compare with North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), according to United States Trade Representative (n.d), NAFTA consist of the United States, Canada, and Mexico on 1 January, 1994. Moreover, some restrictions and duties were eliminated in 2008. SICE (2012) expounded that the objective of NAFTA include the following guidelines: Elimination within 10 years of tariffs on 99 percent of the goods traded between member countries. Remove majority of the barriers on the cross-border flow of services. Intellectual property rights are protected. Foreign direct investment between member countries is less restrictions. Members can apply national environmental standards. Commissions are establish to police violations. The next part of this essay shows the information about regional economic integration, which relates the EU and NAFTA. According to Charles (2011, p 688), regional economic integration can be defined as agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce and ultimately remove tariff and nontariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other. European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement are the most obvious example to show regional economic integration. Charles (2011) stated that there are five levels of economic integration, which are free trade area, customs union, common market, common market, economic union and political union. The table 1 is shown below: The first level of economic integration is free trade agreements (FTAs). Rolf and Nataliya (2001) explained that FTAs can avoid the barriers such as import tariffs and import quotas between signatory countries. Each country can determine its own policies with nonmember. For example, the traffic barriers are very different between member and nonmember (Charles, 2011). In addition, according to WTO (2002), the most popular form of regional economic integration is free trade agreements, which accounts for almost 90 percent of regional agreements. The example of free trade area in the world is the NAFTA that include three countries, are United State, Canada and Mexico. NAFTANOW (2012) explained that NAFTA is the largest FTAs in the world, has abolished most parts of tariff and non-tariff which are barriers for trade and investment in the union systematically. Also, NAFTA has helped create a certain and confident environment for long term investment through the establishment of a successf ul and reliable regulation for the safe investment. EU also eliminated the tariff and non-tariff barriers during trade between member countries, but has a little bit different with NAFTA, which EU focus on the non-tariff barriers than tariff. The next level of economic integration is customs union (CU), which build on a free trade area. Michael Holden (2003) descried that members in a customs union have no trade barriers with goods, as well as services among them. Besides, the CU put forward a common trade policy which shows respect to those nonmembers. It is a typical form for common external tariff that has the same tariff sold to any member countries when the subjects of imports are nonmembers. For example, EU began in this level at the beginning, but now it has moved to the high level of economic integration. In addition, NAFTA also has comment external trade barrier from outside. For example, Andean Community is known as the customs unions around the world, which assured free trade between signatory countries and compelled with a common tariff of 5 to 20 per cent on trading products while importing from countries outside the union. According to Jennifer (2004), every single common market represents a major step to important integration of economy. Except for the involvement of the provision for customs union, a common market (CM) moves all barriers into capital and other resources, peoples mobility within the areas mentioned in the question, as well as removing the non-tariff barriers of trading such as controllable management of the standards for the product. A common markets establishment typically needs the accordance of those significant policies within many areas. As an example, free movement of labor makes the agreements of worker qualification and certification necessary. Besides, a common market is also typically relevant to a comprehensive assemblage of monetary and fiscal policies, whether through design or the result, because of the increasing economic interdependence with the area and the influences that one member state can bring on another or other countries, which gives more rigorous restrictions on the ability of the engagement on the independent economic policies with the necessarily. The first coming benefit of establishing a common market is the gains of economic efficiency under expectation. Within the common market, labor and capital could respond to the economic signals more easily with the unfettered mobility, which lead to a higher allocation efficiency. In EU and NAFTA, both of regional trade associations can be seem as common market, because they can freely move the capital, people and goods without barriers. For example, in EU the people can travel most of the continent without border controls between EU countries and NAFTA also the same as EU (European Union, n.d). Michael Holden (2003), the deepest form of economic integration, also known as an economic union, adds the requirements of the accordance between a numbers of key policy areas to a common market. Apparently, economic unions as a higher level of integration, require formally coordinated monetary and fiscal policies as well as labor market, regional development, transportation and industrial policies. It would have opposite results to operate dispersive policies in those regions since all countries would share economic space basically. An economic union contains the usage of a unified monetary policy and a common currency with frequency. The functions of an economic union would be enhanced with eliminating the uncertainty of exchange rate through permitting trade to follow efficient was economically instead of being unduly influenced by considering exchange rate, which is also suitable for business location choosing. Supranational institutions would be requested to manage the trade wit hin the areas of union in order to ensure consistent applications of the regulations. These laws should still be administered within a national level while countries would renounce the control over this area. In economic union, there are many different between EU and NAFTA. One of the most important differences is the currency. In the EU, it has a single currency of Euro, however, the currency not just one in NAFTA. In addition, the political structure of the EU and NAFTA also different. There are four main institutions in the EU political structure, which are European Commission, the Council of European Union, the European Parliament, and the Court of Justice. Moreover, EU has own fiscal police of Maastricht Treaty. In contrast, NAFTA has not political structure to control the police, because NAFTA is like a law which became in 1994 (Charles, 2011). Therefore, NAFTA can be seem as economic union because no single currency between member countries. The move toward economic union raises the issue of how to make a coordinating bureaucracy accountable to the citizens of member nations. The answer is through political union in which a central political apparatus coordinates the economic, social, and foreign policy of the member states (Charles, 2011, p268). The United State is the good example, which even closer this stage. However, NAFTA and the EU both are not become political union. In the third part of this essay, it will talk about the impact of integration in EU and NAFTA, such as economic grow, increased competition and so on. The EU establishes a single currency which is benefit for the Europeans. There are many reasons; first, handling one currency is better than many, because companies and individuals can save a lot. For example, people going from Germany to French, they do not go to bank in order to change German deutsche into French francs. Second, when the consumers to shop around the Europe, one currency can make them easier to compare prices of goods and service, which will lead to increase competition. For example, if the car sell in France is cheaper than Germany, the people can go to France buy the car and then sell in Germany. This will make the German company face a competition with French company. Third, a common currency can increase the highly liquid pan-European capital market. In addition, according to Gabriele (2008), the EU also impact on business because the transaction costs between the members of EU will disappearance, which can make the products produce in lower cost. It will get more competitive advantage with nonmember countries. However, the drawback of Euro is that national authorities will lose control over monetary policy. And the implied of loss of national sovereignty to the European Central Bank (ECB) underlies the decision by Great Britain, Denmark and Sweden to stay out of the euro zone for now (Charles, 2011, p278). Furthermore, another disadvantage of the euro is that may lead to economic growth become lower and inflation will higher in Europe. The impact of integration in NAFTA is increase exports, imports and investment between U.S. in NAFTA countries, which will lead to increase economic grow. According to United States Trade Representative (n.d), the goods exports of U.S. to NAFTA increased 23.4% between 2010 and 2009, and up 149% from 1994. In addition, the import from NAFTA countries also developed 25.6 from 2009, and up 184% from 1994. Moreover, United State foreign directs investment (FDI) in NAFTA also up 8.8% between 2009 and 2008. All of these data show that the integration makes NAFTA countries trade and invest more than before. In addition, Charles (2011) explained that as other influences over NAFTA, companies from US and Canada would move their industries into Mexico for its labor market with low cost. At the meantime, Mexico could get benefits from the inward investment and the improvement with employment with the labor market.It is beneficial for US and Canada because Mexicans could import more goods from U S and Canada with their increasing incomes, therefore increasing demand of Mexicans and the making up for jobs lost in companies that moved production to Mexico, which brings advantages to US and Canada with the lower-price products made in Mexico.In addition, the advantage of lower labor costs in Mexico can increase the international competitiveness of U.S. and Canadian firm to better compete with outside of competitors such as Asian and European rivals. The negative of NAFTA is that loss of U.S. jobs to Mexico, which up to 5.9 millions. Moreover, the Mexicos environment deteriorated is the other problem in NAFTA, because the productions of the United States move into Mexico. The same production will effect more cheaply and more dirtily, which will result in environment deteriorated. Such as globally in terms of resource depletion, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and ecosystem spoilage. Furthermore, there was also opposition in Mexico to NAFTA from those who feared a loss o f national sovereignty. This point of view is similar with the costs of the Euro (Charles, 2011). In conclusion, after compare and contrast of regional economic integration between EU and NAFTA, there are many factors are similar. For example, they both are free trade area, customs union and common market, because they meet the requirements of these three stages. In addition, they have not tariff and non-tariff barriers between member countries. Moreover, both have common external tariff to nonmember countries and free movement of capital, people and goods. However, the big different between EU and NAFTA is, EU has a single currency and fiscal police, but NAFTA without these two elements. In the part of impact of integration, it shows the positives and negatives of EU and NAFTA. The similar points are both can increase their economic growth and foreign direct investment in signatory countries. In addition, they both face some problem of nation will loss of national sovereignty, such as Mexico and Sweden. However, EU also has a problem of lost control over monetary policy but NAFT A will not face this issue, because NAFTA is not single currency in U.S., Canada and Mexico.