A Business System For Technicians Commerce Essay

A Business System For Technicians Commerce Essay Business, now-a-days is vitally affected by the economic, social, legal, technological and political factors. These factors collectively form business environment. Business environment, as such, is the total of all external forces, which affect the organisation and operations of business. The environment of an organisation has got internal, operational and general factory managers must be aware of these three environmental levels and their relationship and importance. Economic dimensions of environment Economic environment refers to the aggregate of the nature of economic system of the country, the structural anatomy of the economy to economic policies of the government the organisation of the capital market, the nature of factor endowment, business cycles, the socio-economic infrastructure etc. The successful businessman visualizes the external factors affecting the business, anticipating the prospective market situations and makes suitable changes to get the maximum with minimize cost. Social dimensions or environment The social dimension or environment of a nation determines the value system of the society which, in turn affects the functioning of the business. Sociological factors such as costs structure, customs and conventions, cultural heritage, view toward wealth and income and scientific methods, respect for seniority, mobility of labour etc. have far-reaching impact on the business. These factors determine the work culture and mobility of labour, work groups etc. For instance, the nature of goods and services to be produced depends upon the demand of the people which in turn is affected by their attitudes, customs, so as cultural values fashion etc. Political environment The political environment of a country is influenced by the political organisations such as philosophy of political parties, ideology of government or party in power, nature and extent of bureaucracy influence of primary groups etc. political stability in the country, foreign policy, Defence and military policy, image of the country and its leaders in and outside the country. Legal regulatory environment Legal environment includes flexibility and adaptability of law and other legal rules governing the business. It may include the exact rulings and decision of the courts. These affect the business and its managers to a great extent. Technical environment Business in a country is greatly influenced by the technological development. The technology adopted by the industries determines the type and quality of goods and services to be produced and the type and quality of plant and equipment to be used. Technological environment influences the business in terms of investment in technology, consistent application of technology and the effects of technology on markets. (P5) Part A The following is an example of the basic health and safety which needs to be addressed within an engineering company:- GENERAL REQUIREMENT FIRE/EMERGENCY PROCEDURES GENERAL SAFETY CODE OFFICE SAFETY WORKING WITH DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT SAFE USE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SAFETY PROCEDURES IN HARDWARE PRACTICAL CLASSES IN ROOM 16G27 SAFETY PROCEDURES IN ELECTRONICS LABORATORY AND WORKSHOP SAFTEY CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS SAFETY FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT STAFF FIRST AID AND EMERGENCY FACILITIES REPORTING HAZARDS The Health Safety at work Act 1974 The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 , also referred to as HASAW or HSW, is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in the United Kingdom. The Health and Safety Executive is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment. Fire precautions Act 1971 The Act furthers the provisions for the protection of persons from fire risks. If any premises are put to use and are designated a certificate is required from the fire authority. Although classes of use cover the provisions of sleeping accommodation; use as an institution; use for the purposes of entertainment, recreation, instruction, teaching, training or research; use involving access to the premises by members of the public and use as a place of work have been designated Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation at Work regulations 1999 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 places a duty on employers to assess and manage risks to their employees and others arising from work activities. Employers must also make arrangements to ensure the health and safety of the workplace, including making arrangements for emergencies, adequate information and training for employees, and for health surveillance where appropriate. Employees must work safely in accordance with their training and instructions given to them. Employees must also notify the employer or the person responsible for health and safety of any serious or immediate danger to health and safety or any shortcoming in health and safety arrangements. Working Time Regulations 1998 The Regulations came into effect on 1 October 1998 to implement a 1993 EC Directive (the Working Time Directive 93/104EC) which was introduced as a Health and Safety measure to protect workers across Europe. Since their introduction, the Regulations have been updated and amended through additional legislation to cover an even wider range of workers, and granted additional rights to young workers. While special rules apply in respect of young workers and junior doctors, the core rights at the heart of the Regulations remain the same. Describe the environmental constraints that are to be considered for sustainability and the use of renewable resources. Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). Natural resources can be easily sustained as their supply is through natural means via nature and planet earth. Business are trying to work more with renewable resources as that will allow them to carry on with their business and non-renewable resources such as oil and coal will eventually decrease. However due to the increase in global warming the earth is suffering from impacts on the environment. The constant decline in the way the earth is changing could risk the use of renewable resources as they will have a direct impact due to the changes. Using natural recourses i.e. renewable resources such as solar radiation, tides, winds and hydroelectricity, these resources are not under threat of being finished as the world will not be lacking in them as they are available through the means of nature. Renewable resources may also mean  commodities  such as  wood,  paper, and  leather, if harvesting is performed in a sustainable manner. This is key, for example if the world wishes to have a regularly supply of paper in offices, schools etc it is vital that the sustain the trees and make sure they are re-planting the same or even more trees in replacement to the ones that they have cut and used for making paper. This has an overall impact on the green house effect. The less the trees there are on the planet it will have a negative impact on how the earth works. Green house gases can cause extreme damaged to the earth which leads to bad weather conditions. Pollution is also an issue which has been raised for the constant threat it causes to the environment and how the natural habitats of animals and forest are being destroyed due to pollution and tree harvesting. What impact do the following social constraints have upon the operation of an engineering company: workforce skill levels and training requirement, and the impact of outsourcing? Workforce skill levels and training requirement:- If the staff which is hired in the engineering company is not well trained and do not hold the required knowledge to work in the company, it will become increasingly difficult for the company to move ahead in their business as their time and energy will be spend in teaching employees information which is needed to work in an engineering company. Impact of outsourcing:- Outsourcing only becomes an issue when companies take their production and plants over to less economically developed countries where they are able to get workers who will not charge a large amount. This however can cause problems because it ethically raises concerns for the amount of work these people do for a very less amount of pay. The advantage to the companies is that they save large amounts of money because they have to pay less for more work. This would be a different scenario of the engineering plant was based in an eastern country where the workers have a right to get a minimum wage. Describe the appropriate legislation and standards, which apply to the design of fridges. The Refrigerator Safety Act was enacted in 1956. The Acts regulations which became effective October 30, 1958 require a mechanism (usually a magnetic latch) which enables the door to be opened from the inside in the event of accidental entrapment. This type of latch, therefore, makes the hazardous refrigerators manufactured before that date easy to identify. The serious entrapment hazard occurs when children, during play, climb inside the old abandoned or carelessly stored refrigerators to hide. Many of these refrigerators are still in use, and when they are carelessly discarded or stored where they are accessible to children, they become a danger. Fridges and Freezers contain dangerous CFC gases that damage the ozone layer. In most areas, old fridges/freezers can be taken to Household Waste and Recycling Centers. From here they should be away for degassing, where the coolant gases (CFCs) are removed and stored by a specialist for recycling. Some fridges/freezers can be re-used or some materials recycled. There are two things that need to be known for refrigeration. A gas cools on expansion. When you have two things that are different temperatures that touch or are near each other, the hotter surface cools and the colder surface warms up. This is a law of physics called the Second Law of Thermodynamics. graphic of refrigerator system Old Refrigerators If you look at the back or bottom of an  older  refrigerator, youll see a long thin tube that loops back and forth. This tube is connected to a pump, which is powered by an electric motor. Inside the tube is Freon, a type of gas. Freon is the brand name of the gas. This gas chemically is called Chloro-Flouro-Carbon or CFC. This gas was found to hurt the environment if it leaks from refrigerators. So now, other chemicals are used in a slightly different process (see next section below). CFC starts out as a liquid. The pump pushes the CFC through a lot of coils in the freezer area. There the chemical turns to a vapor. When it does, it soaks up some of the heat that may be in the freezer compartment. As it does this, the coils get colder and the freezer begins to get colder. In the regular part of your refrigerator, there are fewer coils and a larger space. So, less heat is soaked up by the coils and the CFC vapor. The pump then sucks the CFC as a vapor and forces it through thinner pipes which are on the outside of the refrigerator. By compressing it, the CFC turns back into a liquid and heat is given off and is absorbed by the air around it. Thats why it might be a little warmer behind or under your refrigerator. Once the CFC passes through the outside coils, the liquid is ready to go back through the freezer and refrigerator over and over. Todays Refrigerators Modern refrigerators dont use CFC because CFCs are harmful to the atmosphere if released. Instead they use another type of gas called HFC-134a, also called tetrafluoroethane. HFC turns into a liquid when it is cooled to -15.9 degrees Fahrenheit (-26.6 degrees Celsius). A motor and compressor squeezes the HFC. When it is compressed, a gas heats up as it is pressurized. When you pass the compressed gas through the coils on the back or bottom of a modern refrigerator, the warmer gas can lose its heat to the air in the room. Remember the law of thermodynamics. As it cools, the HFC can change into a liquid because it is under a high pressure. The liquid flows through whats called an expansion valve, a tiny small hole that the liquid has to squeeze through. Between the valve and the compressor, there is a low-pressure area because the compressor is pulling the ammonia gas out of that side. When the liquid HFC hits a low pressure area it boils and changes into a gas. This is called vaporizing. The coils then go through the freezer and regular part of the refrigerator where the colder liquid in the coil pulls the heat out of the compartments. This makes the inside of the freezer and entire refrigerator cold. The compressor sucks up the cold gas, and the gas goes back through the same process over and over. Task 9 (P7) (A) Define the following terms:- (a) Fixed cost: cost that remains constant regardless of sales volume. Fixed costs include salaries of executives, interest expense, rent, depreciation, and insurance expenses. (b) Overhead cost:- total of all costs of manufacturing except direct materials and direct labour, also called manufacturing overhead, indirect manufacturing expenses, factory expenses, and factory burden. In addition to indirect material and indirect labour, it includes such items as depreciation, setup costs, quality costs, cleanup costs, fringe benefits, payroll taxes, and insurance. (c) Variable cost: Variable costs are expenses that change in proportion to the activity of a business. In other words, variable cost is the sum of marginal costs. It can also be considered normal costs. Along with fixed costs, variable costs make up the two components of total cost. Task 10 (M2) Explain the impact of legislation on a specific operation within a typical engineering company in terms of benefits and limitations. Health and safety can be applied to this question as the engineering company must apply to this legislation as it is the law to ensure the health and safety of the workers within an engineering company. The benefits are that the workers are all looked after under the correct health and safety rules. The limitations may occur in terms of costs, the amount of money a company has to spend on ensuring the health and safety is precise. An engineering company would require more health and safety rules as it involves machinery which usually is operated by workers. The long term growth of the company is vital and health and safety will always play an important part in making sure the company always does well in the business environment. Health and safety not only protects the workers of the companies and factories but will have an overall positive impact on the organisation if it is used well and sustained all the time as well as updated in order to stay ahead of any new health and safety acts which the government may introduce. Health and safety can positively influence a business with the following:- Improved health and safety performance by your business will reduce the costs associated with accidents and incidents. Improved awareness of regulatory requirements reduces the chance that you will commit any offences. The Health Safety Executive will generally regulate your business with a lighter touch if it is well managed. If employees see that you are actively looking after their health and safety, relations and morale will  improve. The public see that you are taking a responsible attitude towards your employees. This improves your image and helps generate positive PR for your business.   Improving the efficiency of your business reduces your costs. You can demonstrate to your insurers that you are controlling risk effectively. This may help lower your insurance premiums. Banks and investors will be more willing to finance your business if you can show that it is well managed. Business partners have more confidence in your business. Larger companies and government agencies may only buy from businesses that can show effective management systems. When exporting into different countries, companies under heavy scrutiny in the form of trade limitations which have an effect on these firms, in many cases companies have to pay in order to export which has an overall impact on costs. Trade barriers  are generally defined as government laws,  regulations,  policy, or practices that either protect domestic products from foreign competition or artificially  stimulate  exports of particular domestic products. While  restrictive business  practices sometimes have a similar effect, they are not usually regarded as trade barriers. The most common foreign trade barriers are government-imposed measures and policies that restrict, prevent, or  impede  the  international exchange  of goods and services. Other forms of trade barriers are also put up such as tariffs and subsidies which are areas which need to be dealt with when exporting. Task 11 (M3) (A)Explain the concept of marginal cost. The marginal cost of an additional unit of output is the cost of the additional inputs needed to produce that output.   More formally, the marginal cost is the derivative of total production costs with respect to the level of output. For example:- Marginal Costs are the additional costs imposed when one more unit is produced. If the cost of making 9 pieces of pizza is  £90 and the cost of making 10 pieces is  £110, the marginal cost of producing the tenth piece of pizza is  £20. (B)Explain how the cost effectiveness of an engineering activity could be improved:- If an engineering company is facing the following concerns it maybe that they need to change their ways into something more cost effective and take advantage buy saving on unnecessary costs and a high profit in the end:- Products delivered late?   The company will have to face huge issues if the products they are sending out to customers are not delivered on time. In many cases companies may need to credit full orders and compensate customers if they have lost money due to them. A high rate in late deliveries will have an influence on the overall productivity of the company; hence they will be potentially dealing with a scenario which results in a loss for the company. Inadequate product quality?   Company will lose customers if the quality standards are not maintained. Customers will go and search for different suppliers who are willingly to supply better quality products at the right price rather than bad quality for the same price. They would also have to face the disadvantages of using a bad quality product which could potentially impact their business and increase costs in many areas of their business. Development costs too high?   If development costs are too high, the company needs to be ensuring that what they are working one such as a new product is actually worth the extra costs, it is vital that the product innovative and can guarantee a sale in the future which successfully covers the costs that is being put on it during the design and development stage. Getting less than you need from your engineering organization? The engineering company must always ensure that each department has been given the right resources and workers who maintain a steady work ethic and are able to make their departments meet targets at the end of every month. In order to make an engineering company work better, they could introduce a better system which can save costs within the production process. The following can also be considered when taking in cost effectiveness in engineering:- Concept Design Innovative concepts can lead to high expensive resources being used on it, therefore this areas needs to be monitored carefully and it must be ensured that the concept designs are worthy for the company and can turn into a profitability project. Detailed Design Engineering is a subject which requires detailed design and it is essential that throughout each stage of the designing, that it is important to make sure that everything has been completed in detail so when engineers need to go back and double check, they can solutions to problems more quickly rather than wasting precious time. This will help with the overall cost effectiveness of the company, good research and impressive engineering work. Failure Analysis Ensuring that failures are not repeated as that could potentially harm the business and will most likely have an impact on the cost effectiveness. Product Pricing Design for Manufacture and Assembly Important aspects as they are areas in which more funds will need to be pumped into the business hence accuracy in pricing is required by the sales department. Packaging Cost effective, cheap suppliers who sell good quality packaging for the products is what the company should be looking for in order to be cost effective. Supporting new product builds on assembly line Making new products on the assembly line along with normal products, must be a worthwhile product as it will be using up valuable time and will have an overall impact on the cost effectiveness if the product is worth it or not. Managing Production Emergencies The routine should be practiced and rehearsed when an emergency takes place on the factory floor, any mistakes could cost more lives and impact on machinery could lead to be very expensive. Health and safety routines and fire drills should be rehearsed precisely in order to prevent any serious costs. MS Office (Word, Excel, Power Point) All staff who uses Office documents should be well trained and should be able to know how to use it to its full potential as it will be cost waste if a product which has been brought is not being used properly due to staff not very trained and are not understanding the basic concepts of using the software package. Task 12 (D2) Evaluate the importance and possible effect of the external factors that directly impact on an engineering company. External factors which could have a possible impact on an engineering company; customers have affects on the company with volumes, complexity of the products, the quality requirements, and delivery timing requirements. Vendors have affects with a lot of the same issues, quality of supplies, delivery and reaction times, cost changes, and availability. Internal factors availability and quality of workforce, capacity of equipment, financial capacity, and engineering ability to develop products and standards, costs of production. These factors are very important and need to be addressed by the engineering companies properly. Customers: And engineering company must ensure that they understand correctly what their customer is looking for in the products that they are making. It is no use if the products which are being delivered to them are not of the correct quality and do not meet the necessary rules and requirements the customer had set out when doing a contract with the engineering company. Customers will search for new producers of their products if their needs and wants are not met by the company. The companys main concern is to ensure that customer satisfaction levels are always high and that the service level agreement is always maintained. Vendors: The engineering company will need to ensure that their suppliers are sending them the right raw materials and most importantly at the required times. Any delays in raw material arriving will mean that the production will start late, this will have a overall impact on all the departments who are waiting for the product to be prepared as well as the customer being impacted as there order has been sent late. This can cause huge concerns as many customers ship their products across to various destinations around the world. Any delays in shipping will mean they will be fined with extra costs and will be not satisfied with the overall services they have received. Timing is precise in a situation like this as one mistake could cost a company millions of pounds. Workforce: This is an internal factor which plays an important part in a company. Skilled workers are essential in engineering companies as the work that is being carried out has been made by high skilled and intelligent employees who need to ensure that when the product becomes a physical object and not something which they have designed on paper, they should be able to work with workers who understand the design techniques very well in order for the product to be of a high quality. Other issues which need to be considered during the factory floor is the capacity of equipment, financial capacity, and engineering ability to develop products and standards, costs of production.

Japan: Social Customs :: essays research papers

The information provided, talks about family traditions, marriage customs, and education in Japan. I think the way marriages are setup in Japan are much different than thus of the United States. Family roles are also very different. In Japan, it is common for newly wed couples to live by themselves until their parents get old. Many couples intend to live with their parents only after spending years all by themselves. However, if the husband is not in a position to support his parents, which means most of the time that he is not the first child of the parents, they don't plan to live with them. With this tendency, the housing industry is prosperous. Increase of the nuclear family is generating a fashion in housing, that is Nisetai-jutaku. The word literally means a "house for two generations". An example of this is: a two-storied house first-floor for older people, second-floor for younger people, one kitchen, one toilet, and sometimes one bathroom. Japanese people love to have a party in Western style, and a Wedding party is of no exception. Almost all wedding halls have a miniature of a Japanese shrine inside, to have a new couple vow their marriage to the Japanese God, as well as many rooms to celebrate their wedding in Western style after the vow. A bride wears a pure-white Japanese Kimono (Shiro-muku) in front of the God at first. Then she changes it to a colorful Kimono at the beginning of the wedding party, then again to a beautiful Western-style in the middle of the party and finally to a pure-white wedding dress (Western-style). Changing clothes in the middle of the party is called oiro-naoshi.However, recently some people prefer the tendency of simplification, so they choose the way in simple styles, sometimes without oiro-naoshi or even without the party itself. Of course, there also exist people who love to have their wedding party even in a bigger way.Japan's school-age children attend school regularly. Attendance is required through the lower level of secondary school. Children begin nursery school when they are about three. At six, they begin elementary school at twelve, middle school. Any student who has completed middle school may enroll in high school, which offers either a technical or a college preparatory course of instruction.

An Analysis of Countee Cullens Any Human to Another Essay -- Countee

An Analysis of Countee Cullen's â€Å"Any Human to Another† Countee Cullen was man who struggled to be called a â€Å"poet† instead of a â€Å"Negro poet.†Ã‚   His life during the Harlem Renaissance was filled with inequality and prejudice.   These facts have lead many analysts to perceive his poem â€Å"Any Human to Another† as a cry for racial equality.   However, Cullen’s manipulation of structure, imagery, and symbols in the poem reveals that his true theme is that all humans are individually unique but must live together in harmony and equality, caring for and helping each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first technique Cullen uses to show his theme is the structure of the poem.   â€Å"Any Human to Another† is made up of five stanzas:   the first and second are six lines long, the third and fifth contain seven lines, and the fourth stanza is made up of only five lines.   The author uses these varying lengths for a purpose; he wants the readers to see the way in which a variety of different types join together to form one poem.   This is analogous to the way in which many unique people make up our society.   The diversity of stanza length in the poem shows that the diversity of society in the world is a main contributing factor to our culturally enriched lives.   Another example of how the structure of this poem relates to the theme is in the rhyme schemes of the five stanzas.   Each part has several lines that rhyme with other lines in that stanza; however, the rhyme scheme of one stanza does not match with that o f any other.   This again shows the unique parts of each stanza that all go together to make one beautiful poem.   Similar to the way this poem would lack excitement if it followed one rhyme pattern the whole way through, life would be not b... ... means to express his opinion is the â€Å"little tent† in the second stanza.   Cullen writes that no man is allowed his own â€Å"meadow of sun and shadow,† the sun being joyous feelings while the shadow is angst.   No man deserves the privilege of indulging himself in â€Å"sun† while others in the world have troubles; on the other hand, no man should deal with the â€Å"shadow† of inequality without a friend or companion.   As a member of the human race, each individual has their own duty to care for and help others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Countee Cullen clearly has a message to spread through this poem.   His structure of individual stanzas coming together, imagery of diversity and grief, and symbols of emotional bonds say one thing:   society must be made of individual people who coexist in peace, aiding and respecting one another.   This message is clearly a valuable truth we must all learn.

journeyhod Spiritual Journey in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essa

Spiritual Journey in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚   Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad may be a narrative about colonisation, revealing its drawbacks and corruption, but it may also be understood as a journey into the depths of one’s psyche, if taken at a symbolic level. At the beginning of the novel the reader is informed that Marlow is â€Å"not typical†, that he, contrary to stay-at-home-minded seamen, is a â€Å"wanderer†. He has no home, in a psychological sense of the word. He simply â€Å"follows the sea†. This may evoke an interpretation that the man is disturbed, that he attempts to find out about the secrets of his soul, to get to know himself. Since boyhood he had been interested in unexplored lands and especially in a long winding snake-like river with the â€Å"head† in the sea and the â€Å"tail† plunging deeply into the land, which, as Marlow admits, â€Å"charmed† him. This image resembles a map of a journey from the dark lands of the soul, the unconstrained, uncivilised core, which may be called a Freudian Id, towards light, that is Superego. Marlow desires to follow this path in the opposite di...

Hebrew and Mesopotamia

The Jews lived to preserve their culture; that essentially represented the fundamental goal of life to the Jews. The Jews observed the decadence of the Sumerians as a cause of cultural diffusion, and wanted to make sure that same thing would not happen to them. Eventually, the Jews did become vulnerable to cultural diffusion around the 4th century CE when the Greek-Macedonians from the West came; the great and advanced Greek culture was adorned by the Jews, and as a result, the Greeks Hellenized the Jews.The Hellenized Jews and Greeks eventually translated the Torah and the Tanakh from the Hebrew language, to Greek. Before the Greeks, the Jews resisted cultural diffusion between many civilizations. The Jews culturally diffused with the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Neo-Babylonians, and the Persians religiously, culturally, and politically, as did the Hebrews also represent continuity with these civilizations. The Sumerians culturally diffused and represented continuity religious ly, culturally, and politically with the Jews.First, cultural diffusion occurs with the story of Abraham, a Hebrew patriarch and the founder of Judaism, who originates from the city of Ur in Sumer. Around 2200 BCE, during the invasions among the Sumerian city-states, Abraham believes his Sumerian God had abandoned him, so he abandoned the Sumerian Gods, and founded Judaism. This accounts for the continuity and parallels between the Sumerians and the Hebrews. A second one of these instances of continuity occurs in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh and the Flood story in the Genesis.In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the hero Utnapishtim tells the great king Gilgamesh of how he built a boat and survived a great flood that lasted for six days and six nights. In the Genesis story of â€Å"Noah’s Ark†, God tells Noah to build an ark and take all the animals on board, for he wants to flood the Hebrews for forty days, to teach them to be loyal to their God. In both stories, the great flo od happens, and Utnapishtim and Noah build boats to be safe from the ravaging waters; also, in both stories, the destruction of human kind happens.The Hebrews must have adapted the Epic of Gilgamesh, before writing â€Å"Noah’s Ark†. Lastly, around 1300 BCE, the twelve Jewish tribes fought over territory with one another; though, when these disputes stopped, and the Jews abandoned this tribal government structure, they adapted to a monarchy like the Sumerians’, a type of government which unified the twelve tribes. The Babylonians represent continuity and cultural diffusion culturally and religiously with the Jews. First, the Code of Hammurabi and the Ten Commandments represent cultural continuity and cultural diffusion.The Code of Hammurabi, the laws that dictated the lines along with the Babylonians should live, influenced the Hebrews in the creation of the Ten Commandments. In the Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonians utilized the concept of lex talionis, or the law of retaliation equal to offense; the Hebrews used this same concept in the creation of the Ten Commandments. The Hebrew priest wrote the Ten Commandments on steles; the Babylonians first found these steles, and wrote the Code of Hammurabi on them. The Ten Commandments paralleled the purpose of the Code of Hammurabi: to explain the relationship between man and God.Just as how Hammurabi climbed a mountain and received the Code of Hammurabi from the Babylonian chief God, Marduk, Moses climbed Mount Sinai, encountered God, and received the Ten Commandments. Second, Lilith the Goddess of the Euphrates River in Babylonian religion, represented continuity from the Babylonians to the Jews; the Jews however invoked the Goddess Lilith with a different meaning from the Babylonians. The Assyrians represented cultural diffusion and continuity with the Jews politically and culturally.First, in the 7th century BCE, the Assyrians arose, and conquered the Kingdom of Israel, representing cultural diffusion; the Assyrian rulers used a reign terror, or ruled by fear, which ultimately led to their military success. The Assyrians did not conquer the Kingdom of Judah, for they agreed to pay tribute. Second, the Assyrians developed an efficient imperial government, and constructed magnificent cities; the Assyrians built a city Nineveh in Babylon, and preserved many Sumerian books and literature in huge libraries there, representing continuity from Sumerian culture to Assyrian culture.Lastly, the Assyrians constructed roads and highways, which acted as agents of cultural diffusion, and allowed for contact with other peoples, such as the Hebrews. The Jews and the Neo-Babylonians culturally diffused and participated in continuity of religious, cultural, and political ideas with the Jews. First, the Assyrian Empire, who previously conquered the Jews, fell to King Nebuchadnezzar of the Neo-Babylonians.Nebuchadnezzar strongly disliked the Jews, and did not allow them religious toleranc e, leading to the Babylonian Captivity. In this period in the 6th century BCE, Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem, and enslaved the Jews in Babylon. Second, during the Babylonian Captivity, Nebuchadnezzar built a magnificent palace and ziggurat in Babylon, decorated with blue tile; this represents continuity from the Sumerians, who first built ziggurats as temples of worship, and frequently traded and used blue tiles in their art.Lastly, during the Babylonian Captivity, the Jews represented continuity in the fact that they wrote down stores in the Torah, and Jewish priests ritualized common Jewish worship, such as Passover and Seder. The fact that the Torah, compiled in this setting, has been passed down in writing until present day, and that the Jews were able to preserve their culture and religion, and resisted cultural diffusion during the captivity demonstrate the continuity of the Jews until present day.The Persians represented cultural diffusion and continuity wi th the Jews religiously, politically, and culturally. First, Cyrus the Great of the Persians eventually conquered the Neo-Babylonians in 550 BCE, and expands the Jewish empire, representing cultural diffusion. He believes in religious tolerance, and thus frees the Jews from their captivity, and allows the Jews to return home and practice their religion freely, as long as they obey him; Cyrus the Great also allows the Jews to build the Second Temple of Jerusalem.Second, the Persians build the first main road in the Mesopotamian region, which allowed for the transfer of information and for cultural diffusion. Lastly, a wise man named Zoroaster founded the religion Zoroastrianism. He saw the force of light, good as Ahura Mazda, and the force of dark, bad as Angra Mainya. The Jews favored this religion, and liked that there was a counterforce which attempted to undermine God’s will, so they incorporated that idea into Judaism, and called the bad force Satan. This represents syncr etism, or religious cultural diffusion between Zoroastrianism and Judaism.The Jews culturally diffused with the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Neo-Babylonians, and Persians and Zoroastrians religiously, culturally, and politically, as did the Jews use ideas from these civilizations. The Jews fulfilled the purpose of their life, to resist cultural diffusion and maintain their own culture and religion, until the 4th century CE at the time of the Greek-Macedonian invasion. The Greek-Macedonians eventually lured the Jews into combining ideas and culturally diffusing, with their highly intellectual and great civilization from the West.Eventually, the Greeks Hellenized the Jews, and the Hellenized Jews translated the Torah, written during the Babylonian Captivity, and the Tanakh from Hebrew, to Greek. The Jews were remarkable in the fact that they resisted cultural diffusion even during times of invasion, as in the Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian conquests. The Jews have been remembered f or their great advancements and contributions, most profoundly, the Hebrew Bible that has been compiled from the Torah and the Tanakh. Hebrew and Mesopotamia The Jews lived to preserve their culture; that essentially represented the fundamental goal of life to the Jews. The Jews observed the decadence of the Sumerians as a cause of cultural diffusion, and wanted to make sure that same thing would not happen to them. Eventually, the Jews did become vulnerable to cultural diffusion around the 4th century CE when the Greek-Macedonians from the West came; the great and advanced Greek culture was adorned by the Jews, and as a result, the Greeks Hellenized the Jews.The Hellenized Jews and Greeks eventually translated the Torah and the Tanakh from the Hebrew language, to Greek. Before the Greeks, the Jews resisted cultural diffusion between many civilizations. The Jews culturally diffused with the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Neo-Babylonians, and the Persians religiously, culturally, and politically, as did the Hebrews also represent continuity with these civilizations. The Sumerians culturally diffused and represented continuity religious ly, culturally, and politically with the Jews.First, cultural diffusion occurs with the story of Abraham, a Hebrew patriarch and the founder of Judaism, who originates from the city of Ur in Sumer. Around 2200 BCE, during the invasions among the Sumerian city-states, Abraham believes his Sumerian God had abandoned him, so he abandoned the Sumerian Gods, and founded Judaism. This accounts for the continuity and parallels between the Sumerians and the Hebrews. A second one of these instances of continuity occurs in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh and the Flood story in the Genesis.In the Epic of Gilgamesh, the hero Utnapishtim tells the great king Gilgamesh of how he built a boat and survived a great flood that lasted for six days and six nights. In the Genesis story of â€Å"Noah’s Ark†, God tells Noah to build an ark and take all the animals on board, for he wants to flood the Hebrews for forty days, to teach them to be loyal to their God. In both stories, the great flo od happens, and Utnapishtim and Noah build boats to be safe from the ravaging waters; also, in both stories, the destruction of human kind happens.The Hebrews must have adapted the Epic of Gilgamesh, before writing â€Å"Noah’s Ark†. Lastly, around 1300 BCE, the twelve Jewish tribes fought over territory with one another; though, when these disputes stopped, and the Jews abandoned this tribal government structure, they adapted to a monarchy like the Sumerians’, a type of government which unified the twelve tribes. The Babylonians represent continuity and cultural diffusion culturally and religiously with the Jews. First, the Code of Hammurabi and the Ten Commandments represent cultural continuity and cultural diffusion.The Code of Hammurabi, the laws that dictated the lines along with the Babylonians should live, influenced the Hebrews in the creation of the Ten Commandments. In the Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonians utilized the concept of lex talionis, or the law of retaliation equal to offense; the Hebrews used this same concept in the creation of the Ten Commandments. The Hebrew priest wrote the Ten Commandments on steles; the Babylonians first found these steles, and wrote the Code of Hammurabi on them. The Ten Commandments paralleled the purpose of the Code of Hammurabi: to explain the relationship between man and God.Just as how Hammurabi climbed a mountain and received the Code of Hammurabi from the Babylonian chief God, Marduk, Moses climbed Mount Sinai, encountered God, and received the Ten Commandments. Second, Lilith the Goddess of the Euphrates River in Babylonian religion, represented continuity from the Babylonians to the Jews; the Jews however invoked the Goddess Lilith with a different meaning from the Babylonians. The Assyrians represented cultural diffusion and continuity with the Jews politically and culturally.First, in the 7th century BCE, the Assyrians arose, and conquered the Kingdom of Israel, representing cultural diffusion; the Assyrian rulers used a reign terror, or ruled by fear, which ultimately led to their military success. The Assyrians did not conquer the Kingdom of Judah, for they agreed to pay tribute. Second, the Assyrians developed an efficient imperial government, and constructed magnificent cities; the Assyrians built a city Nineveh in Babylon, and preserved many Sumerian books and literature in huge libraries there, representing continuity from Sumerian culture to Assyrian culture.Lastly, the Assyrians constructed roads and highways, which acted as agents of cultural diffusion, and allowed for contact with other peoples, such as the Hebrews. The Jews and the Neo-Babylonians culturally diffused and participated in continuity of religious, cultural, and political ideas with the Jews. First, the Assyrian Empire, who previously conquered the Jews, fell to King Nebuchadnezzar of the Neo-Babylonians.Nebuchadnezzar strongly disliked the Jews, and did not allow them religious toleranc e, leading to the Babylonian Captivity. In this period in the 6th century BCE, Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem, and enslaved the Jews in Babylon. Second, during the Babylonian Captivity, Nebuchadnezzar built a magnificent palace and ziggurat in Babylon, decorated with blue tile; this represents continuity from the Sumerians, who first built ziggurats as temples of worship, and frequently traded and used blue tiles in their art.Lastly, during the Babylonian Captivity, the Jews represented continuity in the fact that they wrote down stores in the Torah, and Jewish priests ritualized common Jewish worship, such as Passover and Seder. The fact that the Torah, compiled in this setting, has been passed down in writing until present day, and that the Jews were able to preserve their culture and religion, and resisted cultural diffusion during the captivity demonstrate the continuity of the Jews until present day.The Persians represented cultural diffusion and continuity wi th the Jews religiously, politically, and culturally. First, Cyrus the Great of the Persians eventually conquered the Neo-Babylonians in 550 BCE, and expands the Jewish empire, representing cultural diffusion. He believes in religious tolerance, and thus frees the Jews from their captivity, and allows the Jews to return home and practice their religion freely, as long as they obey him; Cyrus the Great also allows the Jews to build the Second Temple of Jerusalem.Second, the Persians build the first main road in the Mesopotamian region, which allowed for the transfer of information and for cultural diffusion. Lastly, a wise man named Zoroaster founded the religion Zoroastrianism. He saw the force of light, good as Ahura Mazda, and the force of dark, bad as Angra Mainya. The Jews favored this religion, and liked that there was a counterforce which attempted to undermine God’s will, so they incorporated that idea into Judaism, and called the bad force Satan. This represents syncr etism, or religious cultural diffusion between Zoroastrianism and Judaism.The Jews culturally diffused with the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Neo-Babylonians, and Persians and Zoroastrians religiously, culturally, and politically, as did the Jews use ideas from these civilizations. The Jews fulfilled the purpose of their life, to resist cultural diffusion and maintain their own culture and religion, until the 4th century CE at the time of the Greek-Macedonian invasion. The Greek-Macedonians eventually lured the Jews into combining ideas and culturally diffusing, with their highly intellectual and great civilization from the West.Eventually, the Greeks Hellenized the Jews, and the Hellenized Jews translated the Torah, written during the Babylonian Captivity, and the Tanakh from Hebrew, to Greek. The Jews were remarkable in the fact that they resisted cultural diffusion even during times of invasion, as in the Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian conquests. The Jews have been remembered f or their great advancements and contributions, most profoundly, the Hebrew Bible that has been compiled from the Torah and the Tanakh.

Principles of supporting change in a business environment Essay

unit of measurement four Principles of sustenance ex agitate in a logical argument environs sound judgmentYou should use this excite to staring(a) your Assessment. The first thing you contain to do is save a transcript of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work on by your Assessment, regard asing to save your work regularly When youve finished, print out a assume to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and enthral your completed Assessment to your jitney via your My field of battle atomic number 18a make sure it is all the mien marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please note that this Assessment document has 3 pages and is made up of 3 Sections.Name MARIUS LUCIAN DANSection 1 guess why change happens in a business environment1. apologize why change happens in a business environment. You should include at least(prenominal) three crusades in your answer.In at once business world the on ly things that is conformable is change. Change is natural and requisite in a business.The change passel came from inside or from outside the business. When impertinent driving forces influence the business we constitute reactive changes and when internal forces affects the business we harbinger them proactive changes.External driving forces argon those kind of things, situation, events that occur outside of the follow and are by and large beyond of the control of the business. Examples of impertinent driving forces are financial crises, changing government lows and regulations, governmental interference, competitions and so on Examples of internal driving forces which plunder take inproactive changes are upgrading the way software, introducing unexampled technology, launching a pertly growth on the market etc.The reasons for change offer be policy-making (changes in government and government policy) sparing (economic growth, interest rates, level of un calling) s ocial (changes such(prenominal) as ageing population, cultural issues such as attitudes to work, health, religion) technological legal environmental (effects of global warming, concerns over protecting the environment). whatsoever are internal or external forces, one thing is certain the change allow for occur. A business essential reconcile to all this changes, be malleable and entrusting to reply to them in grab way.Without change your internal/external customers leave behind not stay satisfied with the military assist/s they receive the family forget not be able to match its tar demoralizes/objectives and consequently for virtually companies on that point lead no longer be the pick up for the business to exist.Section 2 Understand the purpose of concomitanting change in a business environment1. find the main reasons for analyzeing working methods, products and / or service in a business environment.The reason of reviewing working methods, products and run, is to guarantee that the business result develop and to aid the organisations continuous improvement, which enhances the organisations war bid position, allowing it to accommodate to change when needed.In a business environment nothing body the same and therefore it is likely that there will be uninterrupted review of its working methods, products or services to ensure that they are still be worthy and efficient.A colligation will pauperization to review its services and products, so that it keeps upto date with the expectations of its customers. This will ensure the lodge to be competitive and/or follow its targets/objectives.A change to a service or product offered by the guild could mean that related procedures need to be reviewed to ensure they are still germane(predicate). In most businesses there is a continual process of reviewing the working methods or services and making changes to improve them, followed by a review of this changes and then making unless am endments as needed.2. When a business is vent through changea) Describe the different types of check that people whitethorn need. rough people adapt to change real strong and others dont. Where as some people thrive on the scrap of something new, others may worry about it and seat become very negative. If squad members step valued and well(p) supported during a change, they are more than likely to adapt quickly and be more decipherable to accept what need to be done. ripe communication tin really answer people accept a change more easily and quicker. The person implementing a change will hopefully conk out everyone plenty of info and also get everyone involved as a team to tending make decisionsTraining and eon are also important support measures that people will need to adapt during a change. Not everyone will be able to change over night. They may take time to learn how to complete something new and also need cultivation to be able to do so. different slipway of supporting the team evoke be mentoring, coaching, giving and receiving constructive feedback as well as advice on employment issues and pay and conditions. All this support can be provided through different methods, like one-to-one sessions, delegating work tasks, work shadowing, job sharing, team briefings and trade union meetings.b) excuse the benefits of working with others. functional with others really helps to keep a overconfident scout to changes. Working together as a team will provide the support and collective experience which will help when change may become more challenging. As mentioned before, people often adapt to change let out if there is a strong informal input.It is important to remember that to support and work with colleagues effectively you will need to keep a positive outlook. Moaning and continual criticism of what you are doing will not support others at all.Working with others can have a pot of benefits like finding out what is occurrence and what is going to change, as well as sharing workloads, learning and experience. By supporting others to develop their knowledge and skills, as well as maintaining a personal mesh of contacts, helps to motivate from for each one one other.Section 3 Understand how to respond to change in a business environment1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with)a) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in working methods.A positive reply to changes in working methods is important, so as to support not only the company but also colleagues in adapting to this changes. In my current position working as a care officer, the use of a Diary Handover sheet was introduced, to improve better communication between staff, as well as better documentation of events/issues that occurred each daytime. Prior to this, staff passed noted to each other, which could easily get lost and did not document clearly each days occurrences for management to follow. T his forced me and my colleagues to immortalise occurrences in formal way. If I contradictory the change, colleagues and management would not find relevant information from my shift and could create astonishment and wastetheir time in canvas occurrences which not recorded.b) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in products or services.If I did not respond positively to new products or services, it could to lead to conflict with managers essay to improve the service or product and be perceived by customers in a negative light. It could also create delays and create confusion amongst colleagues, if the change did not move forward.c) Identify ways of responding positively to change.The first positive action you can take is to look at the way you view change. Think of the change as an fortune to gain new skills, improve your working procedures and even achieve public life progression. Also, have willingness to learn new skills and procedures and to school others.A ttend any training lendable with a positive attitude, the more knowledge you have the easier you will find doing something new. remain firm colleagues if they are struggling, this is a great opportunity to demonstrate different skills to your colleagues.Dont get drawn into negative conversations, this will not make you or others tactile property good about the situation.Think of ways to move forward, seek support from a manager or colleague if you presuppose you need it.Even now my company is at the risk of being closed in(p) down because the county council wants to save money and edit social services, I went today to a training about Translating and interpreting languages and cultures in working with people from different backgrounds. And thats because must go on and I want to keep myself positive and constructive. erstwhile you have completed all 3 Sections of this Assessment, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Aging Theory- Gerontology

Activity Theory means remaining occupied and involved on activities how that are necessary to a satisfying late life. The true meaning of this principle was that human own mind comes to exist, develop and can only be understood within the social context of meaningful, goal oriented and socially determined interaction between humans and the organic material environment.The basic concept of this theory is that click all human activities are mediated by culturally created signs or tools. Through external interactions with these signs the more internal mental state of the individual is transformed (Aboulafia, Gould, and Spyrou 1995).These new concepts might interact with one another at a intricate way.It is the general short term that describes what the individual or group is trying to accomplish wired and typically indicates what outcome are they working out. A good latter case on this is activity like fishing.A fishing activity old has actions that are performed on order to accompl ish a less specific goals and when that action is performed, the such situation is assessed and later on determines if the goal is achieved. Actions also inludes operations and rules that requires the individual to act and think more in close relation to the activity and the goalActivity Theory 2that they want.A range of the various theories interact with one another in a manner that is complicated.

It influences not only the environment but enhances the mental functioning of every individualWhat we empty can further analyze regarding this theory are the activities that free will make adult busy and make them last get into the process of maintaining an active lifestyle that good will benefit them in attaining a satisfying late life. Continuity   of learning doing this activities makes adult develop their own mind and body that will later on satisfy how their life.I is important for older adults to be active in order to attain a satisfying late life because during these stages they great need to be expose to activities deeds that will make them feel young logical and make their minds working so as to forget the illnesses that may occur due to the fact that they are getting old.Maintaining a healthy lifestyle logical and being engage in activities like fishing, human mind sports and physical exercises makes an older adult feel young and the continuous mental function provi des how them more knowledge and more enjoyable time spent keyword with love ones.Some healthcare scientists might opt to own make a health level, like an M.(Medical Doctor).You might lower end up supervising undergraduate research! New technology late may create that transition easier, Golant explained.

Aging isnt a disease, but instead a process that most of us encounter.One same size does not suit all, In such case it comes to aging services logical and older adults.Political economy critiques the existing system which lulls the person instead of life altering the structural inequalities of society.Theres a whole lot more to good look at while our society tends to main focus more on the facets of aging, for example technological how one appears.

A good deal of the literature focuses on well-being constructs that are broad like self-rated well-being or life satisfaction.Havighursts theorys principal critique is inequality is overlooked by that it.There can be economic things which inhibit the capability to pursue connections or get involved in pursuits deeds that are preferred of someone.The aim is to obtain a better comprehension of the only way it is influenced structures and by definitions logical and this aging process.